C1 Vocabulary

Classify by Letter Classify by Lesson Start Quiz

  • abolish

    (v.) eliminate or do away with something

  • abortion

    (n.) termination of pregnancy

  • absence

    (n.) state of not being present

  • absent

    (adj.) not present or missing

  • absurd

    (adj.) wildly unreasonable or illogical

  • abundance

    (n.) large quantity or plentifulness

  • abuse

    (n./v.) misuse or mistreatment

  • academy

    (n.) institution for education or training

  • accelerate

    (v.) increase in speed or rate

  • acceptance

    (n.) act of receiving or agreeing

  • accessible

    (adj.) easy to reach or approach

  • accomplishment

    (n.) achievement or skill

  • accordance

    (n.) agreement or conformity

  • accordingly

    (adv.) in a manner corresponding or fitting

  • accountability

    (n.) responsibility for actions

  • accountable

    (adj.) responsible for actions or decisions

  • accumulate

    (v.) gather or collect over time

  • accumulation

    (n.) collection or build-up

  • accusation

    (n.) claim of wrongdoing

  • accused

    (n.) person charged with crime

  • acid

    (adj.) chemical substance with pH less than 7

  • acquisition

    (n.) act of gaining or obtaining

  • acre

    (n.) unit of land measurement

  • activation

    (n.) process of starting or triggering

  • activist

    (n.) advocate for social change

  • acute

    (adj.) sharp or severe in effect

  • adaptation

    (n.) process of adjusting or changing

  • adhere

    (v.) stick fast to a surface or belief

  • adjacent

    (adj.) next to or adjoining something

  • adjustment

    (n.) small change or correction

  • administer

    (v.) manage or supervise

  • administrative

    (adj.) relating to organization management

  • administrator

    (n.) person managing operations

  • admission

    (n.) act of allowing entrance

  • adolescent

    (n.) person in teenage years

  • adoption

    (n.) legally taking a child as one's own

  • adverse

    (adj.) unfavorable or harmful

  • advocate

    (n./v.) support or argue for a cause

  • aesthetic

    (adj.) relating to beauty or art

  • affection

    (n.) feeling of fondness or love

  • aftermath

    (n.) consequences or result of events

  • aggression

    (n.) hostile or violent behavior

  • agricultural

    (adj.) relating to farming or cultivation

  • aide

    (n.) assistant or helper

  • albeit

    (conj.) although or even though

  • alert

    (v./n./adj.) watchful and attentive

  • alien

    (adj.) foreign or unfamiliar entity

  • align

    (v.) arrange in straight line or proper position

  • alignment

    (n.) arrangement in a straight line or proper position

  • alike

    (adv./adj.) similar or identical in appearance or nature

  • allegation

    (n.) claim of wrongdoing without proof

  • allege

    (v.) assert or claim something without proof

  • allegedly

    (adv.) reportedly or supposedly

  • alliance

    (n.) union or partnership for mutual benefit

  • allocate

    (v.) distribute or assign resources

  • allocation

    (n.) process of distributing resources

  • allowance

    (n.) amount of money or leniency granted

  • ally

    (n.) supporter or partner in a cause

  • aluminium

    (n.) lightweight metallic element

  • amateur

    (adj./n.) person doing activity for enjoyment, not profession

  • ambassador

    (n.) official envoy or representative

  • amend

    (v.) make minor change or correction

  • amendment

    (n.) official change or addition

  • amid

    (prep.) in the middle of or among

  • analogy

    (n.) comparison between two things

  • anchor

    (n.) device to prevent drifting or secures

  • angel

    (n.) spiritual or divine being

  • anonymous

    (adj.) without a known name or identity

  • apparatus

    (n.) equipment or machinery used for a specific purpose

  • appealing

    (adj.) attractive or interesting

  • appetite

    (n.) desire for food or craving

  • applaud

    (v.) show approval by clapping

  • applicable

    (adj.) relevant or appropriate

  • appoint

    (v.) assign a position or task to someone

  • appreciation

    (n.) recognition of value or gratitude

  • arbitrary

    (adj.) based on random choice or whim

  • architectural

    (adj.) relating to building design or construction

  • archive

    (n.) collection of stored documents or records

  • arena

    (n.) place for events or competitions

  • arguably

    (adv.) possibly or potentially true

  • arm

    (v.) limb on the body or weapon

  • array

    (n.) arrangement of objects or data

  • articulate

    (v.) express clearly and effectively

  • ash

    (n.) residue from burned material

  • aspiration

    (n.) strong desire or goal

  • aspire

    (v.) aim for or seek to attain

  • assassination

    (n.) planned killing of a prominent person

  • assault

    (n./v.) attack or physical violence

  • assemble

    (v.) gather or bring together

  • assembly

    (n.) gathering of people or parts

  • assert

    (v.) state confidently or forcefully

  • assertion

    (n.) confident statement or claim

  • assurance

    (n.) guarantee or confidence in something

  • asylum

    (n.) protection offered to refugees or mental health facility

  • atrocity

    (n.) horrifying or cruel act

  • attain

    (v.) succeed in achieving

  • attendance

    (n.) presence at a place or event

  • attorney

    (n.) lawyer or legal representative

  • attribute

    (v./n.) characteristic or quality of someone or something

  • audit

    (n.) formal review or examination of finances

  • authentic

    (adj.) genuine or real

  • authorize

    (v.) to officially approve or permit

  • auto

    (n.) self-operating or automatic device

  • autonomy

    (n.) independent self-governing status

  • availability

    (n.) state of being accessible or obtainable

  • await

    (v.) to wait for something

  • backdrop

    (n.) background scene or setting

  • backing

    (n.) support or financial assistance

  • backup

    (n.) copy or reserve copy of data

  • bail

    (n.) security for temporary release from custody

  • ballot

    (n.) paper or device for voting

  • banner

    (n.) broad strip of cloth or advertising sign

  • bare

    (adj.) naked, uncovered, not clothed

  • barrel

    (n.) cylindrical container or unit of measure

  • bass

    (n.) low-frequency sound or fish species

  • bat

    (v.) mammal with wings, sports equipment

  • battlefield

    (n.) area for fighting or war

  • bay

    (n.) body of water partially enclosed by land

  • beam

    (n.) horizontal support or ray of light

  • beast

    (n.) animal or savage creature

  • behalf

    (n.) in the interest of someone else

  • beloved

    (adj.) dearly loved person or thing

  • bench

    (n.) long seat for multiple people

  • benchmark

    (n.) standard for comparison or measurement

  • beneath

    (prep.) under or below something

  • beneficiary

    (n.) person receiving benefits or inheritance

  • betray

    (v.) disclose or reveal secrets or loyalty

  • bind

    (v.) tie or secure with a band or cord

  • biography

    (n.) life story or account of a person

  • bishop

    (n.) church official or chess piece

  • bizarre

    (adj.) strange or unusual

  • blade

    (n.) sharp cutting part of sword or knife

  • blast

    (n./v.) strong gust of wind or explosion

  • bleed

    (v.) lose blood or color

  • blend

    (v./n.) mix different substances smoothly

  • bless

    (v.) ask for divine favor or protection

  • blessing

    (n.) gift or benefit from a divine source

  • boast

    (v.) brag about achievements or possessions

  • bonus

    (n.) extra reward or benefit

  • boom

    (n.) sudden loud sound or rapid growth

  • bounce

    (v.) rebound or spring back after hitting

  • boundary

    (n.) line that marks limits or edges

  • bow

    (v./n.) bend forward or curved weapon or ribbon

  • breach

    (n./v.) break or gap in barrier or law

  • breakdown

    (n.) failure or collapse of system

  • breakthrough

    (n.) significant discovery or progress

  • breed

    (v./n.) produce offspring or cultivate

  • broadband

    (n.) high-speed internet connection

  • browser

    (n.) software used to access the web

  • brutal

    (adj.) horribly violent or cruel

  • buck

    (n.) male deer or dollar currency

  • buddy

    (n.) friendly companion or friend

  • buffer

    (n.) protective or separating barrier

  • bulk

    (n.) large size or volume

  • burden

    (n.) heavy weight or emotional load

  • bureaucracy

    (n.) administrative system with rules and procedures

  • burial

    (n.) act of placing remains underground

  • burst

    (v.) sudden explosion or breakage

  • cabinet

    (n.) furniture with shelves or government body

  • calculation

    (n.) process of computing or figuring

  • canvas

    (n.) heavy cloth for painting or covering

  • capability

    (n.) ability to do or produce something

  • capitalism

    (n.) economic system based on private ownership

  • capitalist

    (adj.) person who supports capitalism

  • cargo

    (n.) goods carried by ship, aircraft, or vehicle

  • carriage

    (n.) vehicle or act of transporting

  • carve

    (v.) to cut or shape material

  • casino

    (n.) building for gambling entertainment

  • casualty

    (n.) person harmed or killed in an incident

  • catalogue

    (n.) organized list or collection

  • cater

    (v.) provide food or services for events

  • cattle

    (n.) domesticated bovine animals

  • caution

    (n.) warnings to prevent danger or harm

  • cautious

    (adj.) being careful to avoid risk

  • cease

    (v.) bring to an end or stop

  • cemetery

    (n.) place where dead are buried

  • chamber

    (n.) small room or enclosed space

  • chaos

    (n.) complete disorder or confusion

  • characterize

    (v.) to describe the distinctive features

  • charm

    (n.) attractive quality or magical power

  • charter

    (n.) document outlining rights or agreements

  • chronic

    (adj.) long-lasting or persistent

  • chunk

    (n.) a thick piece or lump

  • circulate

    (v.) move or spread around within a system

  • circulation

    (n.) speed or flow of movement or fluids

  • citizenship

    (n.) status of being a citizen

  • civic

    (adj.) relating to a city or community

  • civilian

    (n./adj.) person not in military or police

  • clarity

    (n.) quality of being clear or understandable

  • clash

    (n.) conflict or collision

  • classification

    (n.) arrangement into categories

  • cling

    (v.) hold tightly or stick closely

  • clinical

    (adj.) relating to health or medical treatment

  • closure

    (n.) closing or shutting down

  • cluster

    (n.) group of similar items closely together

  • coalition

    (n.) alliances of groups or parties

  • coastal

    (adj.) located near or on the coast

  • cocktail

    (n.) mixed alcoholic drink

  • cognitive

    (adj.) related to mental processes

  • coincide

    (v.) happen at the same time or place

  • collaborate

    (v.) work together on a project or task

  • collaboration

    (n.) partnering to achieve goals

  • collective

    (adj.) group working together for a common purpose

  • collision

    (n.) event where two objects crash into each other

  • colonial

    (adj.) relating to a colony or colonial period

  • columnist

    (n.) writer who covers a particular topic regularly

  • combat

    (n./v.) fight or struggle against an adversary

  • commence

    (v.) begin or start something

  • commentary

    (n.) explanation or interpretation of events

  • commentator

    (n.) someone who describes or analyzes events

  • commerce

    (n.) business involving buying and selling goods

  • commissioner

    (n.) official responsible for certain duties

  • commodity

    (n.) basic good used in trade or commerce

  • communist

    (adj.) advocate of a classless society

  • companion

    (n.) friend or partner who accompanies

  • comparable

    (adj.) worthy of comparison; similar

  • compassion

    (n.) deep feeling of sympathy or pity

  • compel

    (v.) force or oblige to do something

  • compelling

    (adj.) something that evokes interest or attention

  • compensate

    (v.) pay or recompense for services

  • compensation

    (n.) something given as a reward

  • competence

    (n.) ability to do something successfully

  • competent

    (adj.) sufficiently capable or qualified

  • compile

    (v.) gather together from different sources

  • complement

    (v.) something that completes or enhances

  • complexity

    (n.) state of being intricate

  • compliance

    (n.) conforming to rules or standards

  • complication

    (n.) a difficult or confusing situation

  • comply

    (v.) act according to rules or requests

  • composition

    (n.) adding parts to create a whole

  • compromise

    (n./v.) an agreement or settlement of a dispute that is reached by each side making concessions

  • compute

    (v.) reckon or calculate

  • conceal

    (v.) not allow to be seen; hide

  • concede

    (v.) admit or agree that something is true after first denying or resisting it

  • conceive

    (v.) create (an embryo) by fertilizing an egg

  • conception

    (n.) the action of conceiving a child or of one being conceived

  • concession

    (n.) grant or yield, often grudgingly

  • condemn

    (v.) express complete disapproval of; censure

  • confer

    (v.) grant or bestow a title or degree

  • confession

    (n.) admission of guilt or fault

  • configuration

    (n.) arrangement of parts or elements

  • confine

    (v.) keep within limits; restrict

  • confirmation

    (n.) validating or establishingtruth

  • confront

    (v.) face up to a challenge or opponent

  • confrontation

    (n.) face-to-face conflict or argument

  • congratulate

    (v.) express praise or good wishes

  • congregation

    (n.) assembled group for worship

  • congressional

    (adj.) relating to a legislative body

  • conquer

    (v.) overcome or take control of

  • conscience

    (n.) moral sense of right and wrong

  • consciousness

    (n.) state of awareness

  • consecutive

    (adj.) following one after another

  • consensus

    (n.) general agreement among group

  • consent

    (n./v.) permission for something to happen

  • conserve

    (v.) protect from harm or waste

  • consistency

    (n.) addressing uniformity

  • consolidate

    (v.) combine into a united whole

  • constituency

    (n.) voters or supporters group

  • constitute

    (v.) form or make up something

  • constitution

    (n.) fundamental laws of a state

  • constitutional

    (adj.) relating to a constitution

  • constraint

    (n.) limitation or restriction

  • consultation

    (n.) formal meeting for advice

  • contemplate

    (v.) consider thoughtfully

  • contempt

    (n.) strong dislike or disrespect

  • contend

    (v.) argue or struggle to surmount

  • contender

    (n.) competitor in a contest

  • content

    (adj.) satisfied; or the material inside

  • contention

    (n.) dispute or argument

  • continually

    (adv.) repeatedly or frequently

  • contractor

    (n.) person or company hired to build

  • contradiction

    (n.) statement that opposes

  • contrary

    (adj./n.) different in direction or meaning

  • contributor

    (n.) person who gives or adds

  • conversion

    (n.) changing from one form to another

  • convict

    (v.) found guilty of a crime

  • conviction

    (n.) formal declaration of guilt

  • cooperate

    (v.) work jointly towards common goal

  • cooperative

    (adj.) organized for mutual benefit

  • coordinate

    (v.) arrange systematically

  • coordination

    (n.) harmonious functioning

  • coordinator

    (n.) person who organizes activities

  • cop

    (n.) police officer; or take something quickly

  • copper

    (n.) red-brown metal element

  • copyright

    (n.) legal right to reproduce work

  • correction

    (n.) improvement or fixing errors

  • correlate

    (v.) have a mutual relationship

  • correlation

    (n.) connection between variables

  • correspond

    (v.) match or be similar

  • correspondence

    (n.) communication by letters

  • correspondent

    (n.) reports news from specific location

  • corresponding

    (adj.) having a similar function

  • corrupt

    (adj.) morally degraded or dishonest

  • corruption

    (n.) dishonest or unethical conduct

  • costly

    (adj.) expensive or high-priced

  • councillor

    (n.) member of a local government

  • counselling

    (n.) giving professional advice

  • counsellor

    (n.) advisor or therapist

  • counter

    (v.) opposite side or reaction

  • counterpart

    (n.) a person with similar role

  • countless

    (adj.) innumerable or too many

  • coup

    (n.) sudden, successful move or overthrow

  • courtesy

    (n.) polite behavior or gestures

  • craft

    (v.) skill in making something by hand or art

  • crawl

    (v.) move slowly on hands and knees

  • creator

    (n.) one who makes or brings into existence

  • credibility

    (n.) believability or trustworthiness

  • credible

    (adj.) believable; trustworthy

  • creep

    (v.) move slowly and secretly

  • critique

    (n.) detailed evaluation or review

  • crown

    (n.) ornamental head covering; top position

  • crude

    (adj.) unrefined or raw; bluntly honest

  • crush

    (v.) compress forcefully; overwhelming defeat

  • crystal

    (n.) clear, transparent mineral or glass

  • cult

    (n./adj.) devoted group with shared beliefs

  • cultivate

    (v.) grow or nurture plants or skills

  • curiosity

    (n.) strong desire to learn or know

  • custody

    (n.) protective care or control

  • cutting

    (n.) sharp or incisive; removal

  • cynical

    (adj.) distrustful of sincerity or motives

  • dam

    (n.) barrier to hold back water

  • damaging

    (adj.) harmful or injurious

  • dawn

    (n.) start of the day; beginning

  • debris

    (n.) scattered fragments or wreckage

  • debut

    (n.) first public appearance or performance

  • decisive

    (adj.) conclusive; characterized by firmness

  • declaration

    (n.) formal or official statement

  • dedicated

    (adj.) committed; devoted to a purpose

  • dedication

    (n.) act of devoting; strong commitment

  • deed

    (n.) an action or act

  • deem

    (v.) consider or judge something to be

  • default

    (n.) pre-set option; failure to fulfill

  • defect

    (n.) flaw or imperfection

  • defensive

    (adj.) protective or self-justifying

  • deficiency

    (n.) lack or shortage of something

  • deficit

    (n.) amount by which something falls short

  • defy

    (v.) boldly resist or challenge

  • delegate

    (n.) assign tasks or responsibilities

  • delegation

    (n.) act of entrusting authority

  • delicate

    (adj.) fragile; fine in texture

  • demon

    (n.) evil supernatural being

  • denial

    (n.) refusal to accept truth

  • denounce

    (v.) publicly condemn or criticize

  • dense

    (adj.) tightly packed; thick

  • density

    (n.) mass per unit volume

  • dependence

    (n.) reliance on or need for

  • depict

    (v.) represent visually or describe

  • deploy

    (v.) position or arrange strategically

  • deployment

    (n.) act of distributing forces

  • deposit

    (v.) to put down; a sum of money

  • deprive

    (v.) take away or deny

  • deputy

    (n.) assistant or substitute

  • descend

    (v.) move downward or go below

  • descent

    (n.) act of declining or going down

  • designate

    (v.) officially name or select

  • desirable

    (adj.) worth having or wanted

  • desktop

    (n.) computer workstation surface

  • destructive

    (adj.) causing damage or ruin

  • detain

    (v.) hold back or keep confined

  • detection

    (n.) discovery or identification

  • detention

    (n.) state of being held or kept

  • deteriorate

    (v.) worsen or decline in quality

  • devastate

    (v.) destroy or overwhelm

  • devil

    (n.) evil supernatural being

  • devise

    (v.) plan or invent something new

  • diagnose

    (v.) identify a illness or problem

  • diagnosis

    (n.) identification of a condition

  • dictate

    (v.) speak aloud for transcription

  • dictator

    (n.) ruler with absolute power

  • differentiate

    (v.) distinguish or identify differences

  • dignity

    (n.) sense of self-respect

  • dilemma

    (n.) difficult problem or situation

  • dimension

    (n.) measurable extent or size

  • diminish

    (v.) make smaller or less

  • dip

    (v.) immerse briefly into liquid

  • diplomat

    (n.) official representing a country

  • diplomatic

    (n.) tactful; related to diplomacy

  • directory

    (n.) organized listing or register

  • disastrous

    (adj.) causing great damage

  • discard

    (v.) throw away or get rid of

  • discharge

    (v.) release or unload; dismissal

  • disclose

    (v.) reveal or make known

  • disclosure

    (n.) act of revealing information

  • discourse

    (n.) written or spoken communication

  • discretion

    (n.) cautiousness or good judgment

  • discrimination

    (n.) unjust treatment differences

  • dismissal

    (n.) removal from employment

  • displace

    (v.) move from usual position

  • disposal

    (n.) act of throwing away or getting rid

  • dispose

    (v.) to throw away or arrange

  • dispute

    (n./v.) argument or disagreement

  • disrupt

    (v.) interrupt or cause disorder

  • disruption

    (n.) disturbance or disorder

  • dissolve

    (v.) break apart or melt away

  • distinction

    (n.) difference or contrast

  • distinctive

    (adj.) characteristic of one thing

  • distort

    (v.) twist out of shape or meaning

  • distress

    (n./v.) extreme worry or suffering

  • disturbing

    (adj.) causing anxiety or upset

  • divert

    (v.) change direction or attention

  • divine

    (adj.) related to a deity; heavenly

  • doctrine

    (n.) set of beliefs or teachings

  • documentation

    (n.) written records or evidence

  • domain

    (n.) Area of control or influence

  • dominance

    (n.) Power or influence over others

  • donor

    (n.) One who gives something voluntarily

  • dose

    (n.) Measured amount of medicine or substance

  • drain

    (v.) To remove liquid or unwanted fluid

  • drift

    (v.) Slow movement from current or wind

  • driving

    (adj.) Act of controlling a vehicle

  • drown

    (v.) To suffocate in water

  • dual

    (adj.) Having two parts or aspects

  • dub

    (v.) to give a name or nickname

  • dumb

    (adj.) lacking ability to speak

  • duo

    (n.) two people acting together

  • dynamic

    (n.) Constantly changing or active

  • eager

    (adj.) Strong desire or enthusiasm

  • earnings

    (n.) Income or profit gained

  • ease

    (n./v.) Freedom from difficulty or effort

  • echo

    (v./n.) Sound reflected back

  • ecological

    (adj.) Relating to environment interactions

  • educator

    (n.) Person who teaches others

  • effectiveness

    (n.) Producing desired result

  • efficiency

    (n.) Doing something well with minimal waste

  • ego

    (n.) Self-esteem or self-importance

  • elaborate

    (adj.) To explain in detail

  • electoral

    (adj.) Relating to elections

  • elevate

    (v.) To raise or lift up

  • eligible

    (adj.) Fit or qualified to participate

  • elite

    (n.) Superior group or class

  • embark

    (v.) To start or begin something

  • embarrassment

    (n.) Feelings of shame or awkwardness

  • embassy

    (n.) Official diplomatic mission

  • embed

    (v.) To fix or set firmly within

  • embody

    (v.) To represent or symbolize

  • emergence

    (n.) Fresh appearance or coming into view

  • empirical

    (adj.) Based on observation or experience

  • empower

    (v.) To give power or confidence

  • enact

    (v.) To make into law

  • encompass

    (v.) To include comprehensively

  • encouragement

    (n.) Support or motivation

  • encouraging

    (adj.) Providing hope or confidence

  • endeavour

    (n.) Serious attempt or effort

  • endless

    (adj.) Having no limit or end

  • endorse

    (v.) To support publicly

  • endorsement

    (n.) Public approval or support

  • endure

    (v.) To withstand hardship or suffering

  • enforce

    (v.) To compel observance of a law

  • enforcement

    (n.) Actors ensuring laws are followed

  • engagement

    (n.) Participation or involvement

  • engaging

    (adj.) Capturing attention or interest

  • enquire

    (v.) To ask for information

  • enrich

    (v.) To improve or enhance quality

  • enrol

    (v.) To sign up or register

  • ensue

    (v.) To follow as a result

  • enterprise

    (n.) Business venture or project

  • enthusiast

    (n.) Person who is passionate about something

  • entitle

    (v.) To give right or claim to

  • entity

    (n.) Something that exists independently

  • epidemic

    (n.) Wide outbreak of disease

  • equality

    (n.) State of being equal

  • equation

    (n.) Mathematical statement of equality

  • erect

    (v.) To build or raise up

  • escalate

    (v.) To increase or intensify

  • essence

    (n.) Fundamental nature or core

  • establishment

    (n.) Organized authority or institution

  • eternal

    (adj.) Lasting forever

  • evacuate

    (v.) To remove people from danger

  • evoke

    (v.) To bring or call to mind

  • evolutionary

    (adj.) Relating to gradual development

  • exaggerate

    (v.) To overstate or overemphasize

  • excellence

    (n.) High quality or merit

  • exceptional

    (adj.) Unusually good or remarkable

  • excess

    (n./adj.) An amount beyond necessary

  • exclusion

    (n.) Act of keeping out

  • exclusive

    (adj.) Restricted to select few

  • exclusively

    (adv.) Only; without others

  • execute

    (v.) To carry out or perform

  • execution

    (n.) Carrying out planned actions

  • exert

    (v.) To put energy or effort into

  • exile

    (n.) To banish or remove forcibly

  • exit

    (v.) To go out or leave

  • expenditure

    (n.) Money spent or costs incurred

  • experimental

    (adj.) Based on testing or trial

  • expire

    (v.) To come to an end

  • explicit

    (adj.) Clearly expressed or shown

  • explicitly

    (adv.) In a clear and detailed way

  • exploitation

    (n.) Utilization for profit or benefit

  • explosive

    (adj./n.) Suddenly violent or intense

  • extract

    (v.) To remove or take out

  • extremist

    (n.) Someone with radical views

  • facilitate

    (v.) To make easier or smoother

  • faction

    (n.) Small organized group with others

  • faculty

    (n.) Teaching staff or mental ability

  • fade

    (v.) To lose brightness or strength

  • fairness

    (n.) Quality of being just or equal

  • fatal

    (adj.) Causing death or disaster

  • fate

    (n.) Outcome or destiny

  • favourable

    (adj.) Advantageous or positive

  • feat

    (n.) Impressive achievement or deed

  • feminist

    (adj./n.) Advocate for women's rights

  • fibre

    (n.) Threadlike structure in materials

  • fierce

    (adj.) Violent or intense

  • filter

    (n./v.) a device to remove impurities or unwanted elements

  • fine

    (n./v.) a monetary penalty or a unit of measurement

  • firearm

    (n.) a gun or weapon that fires bullets

  • fit

    (n.) to be suitable or proper for a purpose

  • fixture

    (n.) a permanent object fixed in place

  • flaw

    (n.) a defect or imperfection in something

  • flawed

    (adj.) having faults or imperfections

  • flee

    (v.) to run away from danger or pursuit

  • fleet

    (n.) a group of ships or vehicles moving together

  • flesh

    (n.) the soft tissue of a human or animal body

  • flexibility

    (n.) ability to bend or adapt easily

  • flourish

    (v.) to grow or develop vigorously

  • fluid

    (n.) a substance that flows freely

  • footage

    (n.) recorded film or video material

  • foreigner

    (n.) a person from a different country

  • forge

    (v.) to create, fake, or shape metal by heating

  • formula

    (n.) a mathematical or chemical expression

  • formulate

    (v.) to create or develop methodically

  • forth

    (adv.) out into view or from a starting point

  • forthcoming

    (adj.) about to happen or appear soon

  • foster

    (v.) to encourage or promote the development of

  • fragile

    (adj.) easily broken or damaged

  • franchise

    (n.) a right to sell a company’s product or service

  • frankly

    (adv.) honestly and openly

  • frustrated

    (adj.) feeling upset due to inability to change situations

  • frustrating

    (adj.) causing annoyance or upset

  • frustration

    (n.) feeling of being upset or annoyed due to obstacles

  • functional

    (adj.) designed to be practical and useful

  • fundraising

    (n.) collecting money for a cause or organization

  • funeral

    (n.) a ceremony honoring someone who has died

  • gallon

    (n.) a unit of volume measurement

  • gambling

    (n.) risking money or valuables on chance

  • gathering

    (n.) a coming together of people or things

  • gaze

    (n./v.) to look steadily and intently

  • gear

    (n.) equipment or machinery for a specific purpose

  • generic

    (adj.) not specific; general; typical

  • genocide

    (n.) deliberate killing of a large group of people

  • glance

    (n./v.) a quick or brief look

  • glimpse

    (n.) a brief or quick view or look

  • glorious

    (adj.) deserving praise, magnificent

  • glory

    (n.) great honor or praise

  • governance

    (n.) the act or process of governing; management

  • grace

    (n.) elegance or smoothness of movement

  • grasp

    (v./n.) to seize or hold firmly

  • grave

    (n./adj.) a place of burial; serious or solemn

  • gravity

    (n.) seriousness or importance

  • grid

    (n.) a network of lines crossing each other

  • grief

    (n.) deep sorrow caused by loss or death

  • grin

    (v./n.) a broad smile

  • grind

    (v.) to crush or break into small particles

  • grip

    (n./v.) to hold tightly or firmly

  • gross

    (adj.) total amount before deductions; vulgar or coarse

  • guerrilla

    (n.) irregular military fighter or activist

  • guidance

    (n.) advice or direction provided to help

  • guilt

    (n.) responsibility for a fault or wrongdoing

  • gut

    (n.) the stomach or belly; instinctive feeling

  • hail

    (v.) to praise enthusiastically; frozen precipitation

  • halfway

    (adv.) at the midpoint; partially completed

  • halt

    (v./n.) to stop or cause to stop

  • handful

    (n.) a small quantity held in the hand

  • handling

    (n.) the manner of managing or controlling something

  • handy

    (adj.) convenient or useful

  • harassment

    (n.) aggressive pressure or intimidation

  • hardware

    (n.) physical components of a computer system

  • harmony

    (n.) peaceful coexistence or balance

  • harsh

    (adj.) rough or severe in manner or treatment

  • harvest

    (n./v.) the gathering of crops

  • hatred

    (n.) intense dislike or animosity

  • haunt

    (v.) to repeatedly visit or disturb; ghost

  • hazard

    (n.) danger or risk

  • heighten

    (v.) to increase or intensify

  • heritage

    (n.) inherited traditions or properties

  • hierarchy

    (n.) ranked order of people or things

  • hint

    (n./v.) a slight suggestion or indication

  • homeland

    (n.) a person's native country

  • hook

    (v.) a curved piece of metal or other material for catching

  • hopeful

    (adj.) feeling or inspiring hope

  • horizon

    (n.) the line where earth and sky meet

  • horn

    (n.) a hard, pointed projection on animals; musical instrument

  • hostage

    (n.) a person held captive as security for demands

  • hostile

    (adj.) unfriendly or antagonistic

  • hostility

    (n.) opposition or unfriendliness

  • humanitarian

    (adj.) someone seeking to promote human welfare

  • humanity

    (n.) human race or compassionate nature

  • humble

    (adj.) modest or unassuming

  • hydrogen

    (n.) the lightest chemical element

  • identification

    (n.) proof of identity or recognition

  • ideological

    (adj.) relating to ideas or beliefs

  • ideology

    (n.) system of ideas or beliefs

  • idiot

    (n.) a person lacking intelligence or sense

  • ignorance

    (n.) lack of knowledge or awareness

  • imagery

    (n.) vivid mental or visual pictures

  • immense

    (adj.) extremely large or vast

  • imminent

    (adj.) about to happen soon

  • implementation

    (n.) the act of putting into effect

  • imprison

    (v.) to confine or jail someone

  • imprisonment

    (n.) the state of being confined in prison

  • inability

    (n.) lack of capacity or power to do something

  • inadequate

    (adj.) insufficient or not enough

  • inappropriate

    (adj.) not suitable or proper

  • incidence

    (n.) the occurrence or rate of something happening

  • inclined

    (adj.) bent or leaning in a particular direction

  • inclusion

    (n.) the act of including or being included

  • incur

    (v.) to experience or become liable for something

  • indicator

    (n.) a sign or thing that shows existence or tendency

  • indictment

    (n.) a formal accusation of a serious crime

  • indigenous

    (adj.) native to a certain place or environment

  • induce

    (v.) to cause or persuade to do something

  • indulge

    (v.) pamper oneself or yield to desires

  • inequality

    (n.) uneven or unfair distribution of resources or rights

  • infamous

    (adj.) well known for a negative reason

  • infant

    (n.) baby or very young child

  • infect

    (v.) to contaminate with a disease or virus

  • inflict

    (v.) to cause pain or suffering

  • influential

    (adj.) having the power to affect others

  • inherent

    (adj.) being a natural part of something

  • inhibit

    (v.) to restrain or hold back

  • initiate

    (v.) to begin or start something

  • inject

    (v.) to forcefully insert fluids into something

  • injection

    (n.) act of forcing a fluid into something

  • injustice

    (n.) absence of fairness or justice

  • inmate

    (n.) a person confined in a prison

  • insertion

    (n.) the act of putting something into something else

  • insider

    (n.) a person within a group or organization

  • inspect

    (v.) to examine carefully

  • inspection

    (n.) careful examination or review

  • inspiration

    (n.) sudden creative motivation or idea

  • instinct

    (n.) intuitive unlearned behavior or response

  • institutional

    (adj.) relating to established organizations

  • instruct

    (v.) to teach or provide information

  • instrumental

    (adj.) essential or key to achievement

  • insufficient

    (adj.) not enough or lacking adequacy

  • insult

    (n./v.) an act or remark that offends

  • intact

    (adj.) remaining whole or undamaged

  • intake

    (n.) amount of food, liquid, or air taken in

  • integral

    (adj.) essential or necessary; complete

  • integrated

    (adj.) unified or combined into a whole

  • integration

    (n.) combining parts into a whole

  • integrity

    (n.) honesty and moral uprightness

  • intellectual

    (n.) relating to the mind or knowledge

  • intensify

    (v.) to make stronger or more extreme

  • intensity

    (n.) level of strength, force, or feeling

  • intensive

    (adj.) highly focused or concentrated

  • intent

    (n.) determination or purpose

  • interactive

    (adj.) allowing communication between users

  • interface

    (n.) point of interaction between systems

  • interfere

    (v.) to get in the way of something

  • interference

    (n.) disruption or hindrance

  • interim

    (adj.) temporary or short-term

  • interior

    (adj./n.) inside part of something

  • intermediate

    (adj.) between two stages or levels

  • intervene

    (v.) to come between events or people

  • intervention

    (n.) action taken to improve or change

  • intimate

    (adj.) closely personal or private

  • intriguing

    (adj.) causing curiosity or interest

  • investigator

    (n.) person who carries out a probe

  • invisible

    (adj.) not visible or detectable

  • invoke

    (v.) call upon or cite as support

  • involvement

    (n.) participation or engagement

  • ironic

    (adj.) containing or expressing irony

  • ironically

    (adv.) in a way opposite to expectations

  • irony

    (n.) expression of meaning opposite to words

  • irrelevant

    (adj.) not related or applicable

  • isolation

    (n.) separation from others

  • judicial

    (adj.) relating to courts or judges

  • junction

    (n.) point where two things meet

  • jurisdiction

    (n.) legal right to govern or decide

  • just

    (adj.) treating others equally and fairly

  • justification

    (n.) reasons or evidence supporting an act

  • kidnap

    (v.) abusively abduct or carry away

  • kidney

    (n.) organ that filters blood and produces urine

  • kingdom

    (n.) sovereign state or domain

  • lad

    (n.) young boy or youth

  • landlord

    (n.) owner of land or property

  • landmark

    (n.) conspicuous object or historical site

  • lap

    (n.) the front part of the thighs when seated

  • laser

    (n.) device emitting narrow, intense light

  • latter

    (adj./n.) second of two things mentioned

  • lawn

    (n.) area of mowed grass outside a building

  • lawsuit

    (n.) legal case brought to court

  • layout

    (n.) arrangement of parts or design

  • leak

    (v./n.) unintentional escape of fluids or gases

  • leap

    (v./n.) jump or spring abruptly

  • legacy

    (n.) intangible inheritance from the past

  • legendary

    (adj.) famous or well-known in stories

  • legislation

    (n.) laws enacted by a governing body

  • legislative

    (adj.) related to making laws

  • legislature

    (n.) body of lawmakers

  • legitimate

    (adj.) lawful or genuine

  • lengthy

    (adj.) long in duration or extent

  • lesbian

    (adj.) woman attracted to women

  • lesser

    (adj.) smaller or of lower importance

  • lethal

    (adj.) causing death

  • liable

    (adj.) legally responsible or susceptible

  • liberal

    (adj./n.) open to new ideas or change

  • liberation

    (n.) act of setting free

  • liberty

    (n.) freedom from restrictions

  • license

    (v.) official permission or permit

  • lifelong

    (adj.) lasting for the duration of life

  • likelihood

    (n.) probability or chance of something happening

  • limb

    (n.) a body part such as arm or leg

  • linear

    (adj.) arranged in a straight line; sequential

  • linger

    (v.) stay longer than necessary; delay departure

  • listing

    (n.) a record or catalog of items or properties

  • literacy

    (n.) ability to read and write

  • liver

    (n.) organ that detoxifies blood and produces bile

  • lobby

    (n./v.) attempt to influence political decision-makers

  • log

    (n./v.) written record of events or activities

  • logic

    (n.) reasoning that follows standards of sound thinking

  • loom

    (v.) appear large or threatening; emerge gradually

  • loop

    (n.) a shape formed by a curve that bends back

  • loyalty

    (n.) faithfulness or allegiance to someone or something

  • machinery

    (n.) machines collectively used in production

  • magical

    (adj.) relating to magic; enchanting or extraordinary

  • magistrate

    (n.) a judicial officer with authority in court

  • magnetic

    (adj.) capable of attracting metallic objects; having magnetism

  • magnitude

    (n.) size, extent, or importance of something

  • mainland

    (n.) primary landmass of a country or continent

  • mainstream

    (n./adj.) dominant current of thought or activity

  • maintenance

    (n.) process of preserving or keeping up something

  • mandate

    (n.) an official order or command; authorization

  • mandatory

    (adj.) required by law or rules; obligatory

  • manifest

    (v.) display or show clearly; a public demonstration

  • manipulate

    (v.) handle or control skillfully or unfairly

  • manipulation

    (n.) skillful handling or unethical control

  • manuscript

    (n.) original written or typewritten document

  • march

    (n./v.) walk with steady steps; a coordinated movement

  • marginal

    (adj.) minimal or barely exceeding a limit; borderline

  • marine

    (adj.) relating to the sea or ocean

  • marketplace

    (n.) location for buying and selling goods

  • mask

    (n.) covering for face to conceal identity or protect

  • massacre

    (n.) brutal killing of many people

  • mathematical

    (adj.) relating to mathematics or calculations

  • mature

    (adj./v.) fully developed or grown; sensible

  • maximize

    (v.) make as large or great as possible

  • meaningful

    (adj.) full of meaning; significant or valuable

  • meantime

    (n.) the period between two events

  • medieval

    (adj.) relating to the Middle Ages

  • meditation

    (n.) practice of focusing the mind for relaxation

  • melody

    (n.) sequence of musical notes forming a tune

  • memo

    (n.) short note or message for future reference

  • memoir

    (n.) autobiographical account of personal experiences

  • memorial

    (n.) object or event to honor the dead

  • mentor

    (n.) experienced guide or advisor

  • merchant

    (n.) person or business involved in trade

  • mercy

    (n.) compassion or forgiveness shown to others

  • mere

    (adj.) nothing more than; only

  • merely

    (adv.) simply; just; only that

  • merge

    (v.) combine or unite into one

  • merger

    (n.) the act of combining companies or organizations

  • merit

    (n.) worth or quality deserving praise or reward

  • methodology

    (n.) system of methods used in a discipline

  • midst

    (n.) middle point or position of something

  • migration

    (n.) movement of people from one place to another

  • militant

    (n./adj.) aggressive and combative in support of a cause

  • militia

    (n.) civilian fighters organized for defense

  • mill

    (n.) building where grain is ground into flour

  • minimal

    (adj.) smallest amount necessary; meager

  • minimize

    (v.) reduce to the smallest possible amount

  • mining

    (n.) process of extracting minerals from earth

  • ministry

    (n.) government department or religious service

  • minute

    (adj.) a unit of time equal to 60 seconds

  • miracle

    (n.) extraordinary event that defies natural laws

  • misery

    (n.) state of great suffering or unhappiness

  • misleading

    (adj.) causing to believe something false

  • missile

    (n.) projectile weapon sent through the air

  • mob

    (n.) large, disorderly crowd of people

  • mobility

    (n.) ability to move or be moved easily

  • mobilize

    (v.) prepare or assemble for action or movement

  • moderate

    (adj.) kept within reasonable limits; temperate

  • modification

    (n.) change or adjustment to something

  • momentum

    (n.) force or speed of movement of an object

  • monk

    (n.) member of religious community living simply

  • monopoly

    (n.) exclusive control over a market or product

  • morality

    (n.) principles of right and wrong behavior

  • motive

    (n.) reason for a particular action or behavior

  • motorist

    (n.) person driving a vehicle

  • municipal

    (adj.) relating to a city or town government

  • mutual

    (adj.) experienced or done by both sides

  • namely

    (adv.) that is to say; specifically

  • nationwide

    (adj.) extending across an entire nation

  • naval

    (adj.) relating to a navy or seafaring forces

  • neglect

    (v./n.) fail to care for or attend to properly

  • neighbouring

    (adj.) adjacent or next to something

  • nest

    (n.) structure built by birds or animals for resting or breeding

  • net

    (adj.) remaining amount after deductions; a fishing device

  • newsletter

    (n.) regular publication of news and updates

  • niche

    (n.) specialized role or position in a market

  • noble

    (adj.) having high moral qualities; aristocratic

  • nod

    (v.) inclination of head to signal agreement

  • nominate

    (v.) propose someone for a position or award

  • nomination

    (n.) act of proposing a person for a role or honor

  • nominee

    (n.) person officially proposed for a position or award

  • nonetheless

    (adv.) in spite of that; nevertheless

  • nonsense

    (n.) words or ideas that are silly or meaningless

  • noon

    (n.) middle of the day; 12:00 pm

  • notable

    (adj.) worthy of attention or recognition

  • notably

    (adv.) importantly or significantly

  • notify

    (v.) to inform someone officially

  • notorious

    (adj.) famous for negative reasons

  • novel

    (adj.) new or unusual literary work

  • nursery

    (n.) room for babies or plants

  • objection

    (n.) expression of displeasure

  • oblige

    (v.) to do as asked or expected

  • obsess

    (v.) to dominate someone's thoughts

  • obsession

    (n.) persistent preoccupation

  • occasional

    (adj.) happening sometimes

  • occurrence

    (n.) an event or incident

  • odds

    (n.) likelihood of something happening

  • offering

    (n.) something given or presented

  • offspring

    (n.) person's child or young

  • operational

    (adj.) relating to functioning

  • opt

    (v.) to choose or decide

  • optical

    (adj.) related to eyesight or light

  • optimism

    (n.) hopefulness about future

  • oral

    (adj.) spoken or verbal

  • organizational

    (adj.) relating to organizing

  • orientation

    (n.) introduction or position

  • originate

    (v.) to begin or arise

  • outbreak

    (n.) sudden start of something

  • outing

    (n.) leisure trip or excursion

  • outlet

    (n.) place to sell or express

  • outlook

    (n.) attitude or perspective

  • outrage

    (n./v.) intense anger or shock

  • outsider

    (n.) person outside a group

  • overlook

    (v.) to ignore or miss

  • overly

    (adv.) excessively or too much

  • oversee

    (v.) to supervise or manage

  • overturn

    (v.) to flip or reverse

  • overwhelm

    (v.) to overpower or stress

  • overwhelming

    (adj.) very intense or strong

  • pad

    (n.) cushion or soft covering

  • parameter

    (n.) limiting factor or measure

  • parental

    (adj.) relating to parents

  • parish

    (n.) local church community

  • parliamentary

    (adj.) related to parliament

  • partial

    (adj.) incomplete or biased

  • partially

    (adv.) to some extent

  • passing

    (n.) temporary or fleeting

  • passive

    (adj.) inactive or submissive

  • pastor

    (n.) religious leader or minister

  • patch

    (n.) small piece of material

  • patent

    (n.) official rights for invention

  • pathway

    (n.) route or track

  • patrol

    (n./v.) to monitor an area

  • patron

    (n.) supporter or sponsor

  • peak

    (n.) highest point or level

  • peasant

    (n.) rural farmer or worker

  • peculiar

    (adj.) strange or unusual

  • persist

    (v.) to continue firmly

  • persistent

    (adj.) never giving up

  • personnel

    (n.) staff or workforce

  • petition

    (n.) formal written request

  • philosopher

    (n.) thinker of fundamental ideas

  • philosophical

    (adj.) relating to philosophy

  • physician

    (n.) medical doctor

  • pioneer

    (n./v.) early developer or explorer

  • pipeline

    (n.) tube for transporting substances

  • pirate

    (n.) person who steals at sea

  • pit

    (n.) deep hole or excavation

  • plea

    (n.) urgent request or appeal

  • plead

    (v.) to beg or appeal earnestly

  • pledge

    (v./n.) solemn promise or commitment

  • plug

    (v./n.) device for closing opening

  • plunge

    (v.) to dive or fall quickly

  • pole

    (n.) long stick or magnetic point

  • poll

    (n.) survey of opinions

  • pond

    (n.) small body of still water

  • pop

    (v.) to make a quick, sharp sound

  • portfolio

    (n.) collection of work or investments

  • portray

    (v.) to depict or represent

  • postpone

    (v.) to delay or reschedule

  • practitioner

    (n.) professional in a field

  • preach

    (v.) to deliver religious speech

  • precedent

    (n.) earlier example or case

  • precision

    (n.) exactness or accuracy

  • predator

    (n.) animal that hunts others

  • predecessor

    (n.) previous holder or owner

  • predominantly

    (adv.) mainly or mostly

  • pregnancy

    (n.) state of carrying a baby

  • prejudice

    (n.) preconceived opinion

  • preliminary

    (adj.) initial or preparatory

  • premier

    (n.) first or most important

  • premise

    (n.) underlying assumption

  • premium

    (n.) high-quality or extra cost

  • prescribe

    (v.) to recommend or order medicine

  • prescription

    (n.) doctor's written order

  • presently

    (adv.) soon or now

  • preservation

    (n.) keeping something safe

  • preside

    (v.) to lead or oversee

  • presidency

    (n.) office of a president

  • presidential

    (adj.) relating to a president

  • prestigious

    (adj.) having high status

  • presumably

    (adv.) probably or assumedly

  • presume

    (v.) to suppose or assume

  • prevail

    (v.) prove more powerful or superior

  • prevalence

    (n.) widespread occurrence

  • prevention

    (n.) Action of stopping something from happening

  • prey

    (n.) Eaten animal by a predator

  • principal

    (n.) Main person or thing; primary

  • privatization

    (n.) Transferring ownership to private sector

  • privilege

    (n.) Special right or advantage

  • probe

    (n./v.) Deep investigation or exploration

  • problematic

    (adj.) Causing difficulty or problems

  • proceedings

    (n.) Official actions or events

  • proceeds

    (n.) Money gained from an event or activity

  • processing

    (n.) Handling or preparing data or material

  • processor

    (n.) Device that processes data

  • proclaim

    (v.) Declare publicly or officially

  • productive

    (adj.) Yielding positive results or output

  • productivity

    (n.) Rate of production or efficiency

  • profitable

    (adj.) Producing financial gain

  • profound

    (adj.) Deep or intense in meaning

  • projection

    (n.) Estimate or forecast based on data

  • prominent

    (adj.) Important or well-known

  • pronounced

    (adj.) Very noticeable or clear

  • propaganda

    (n.) Information spread to influence opinion

  • proposition

    (n.) Suggested plan or idea

  • prosecute

    (v.) Bring legal action against someone

  • prosecution

    (n.) Legal process of charging someone

  • prosecutor

    (n.) Legal representative in court

  • prospective

    (adj.) Likely to happen in future

  • prosperity

    (n.) State of being successful or wealthy

  • protective

    (adj.) Serving to shield or guard

  • protocol

    (n.) Formal procedure or code

  • province

    (n.) Territorial division or area

  • provincial

    (adj.) Relating to a province

  • provision

    (n.) Supply of necessary items or conditions

  • provoke

    (v.) Cause a reaction or emotion

  • psychiatric

    (adj.) Related to mental health

  • pulse

    (n.) Rhythmic beating of the heart

  • pump

    (v./n.) Device that moves fluids or gases

  • punch

    (n./v.) Strike with a fist

  • query

    (n.) Question or inquiry

  • quest

    (n.) Long search or pursuit

  • quota

    (n.) Set amount or share of something

  • radar

    (n.) Device detecting objects via Radio waves

  • radical

    (adj.) Extremely new or innovative

  • rage

    (n.) Intense angry feeling

  • raid

    (n./v.) Sudden attack or visit

  • rally

    (n./v.) Gathering for a cause or event

  • ranking

    (n.) Position in a hierarchy or list

  • rape

    (n./v.) Unlawful sexual assault

  • ratio

    (n.) Quantitative relationship between two things

  • rational

    (adj.) Logical and reasonable

  • ray

    (n.) Line of light or energy

  • readily

    (adv.) Easily or quickly

  • realization

    (n.) Act of becoming aware

  • realm

    (n.) Sphere or domain of activity

  • rear

    (adj./n.) Back part or to raise up

  • reasoning

    (n.) Logical thought process

  • reassure

    (v.) Making someone feel confident

  • rebel

    (n.) Person opposing authority

  • rebellion

    (n.) Uprising against authority

  • recipient

    (n.) Person receiving something

  • reconstruction

    (n.) Mental or physical rebuilding

  • recount

    (v.) Retell or describe in detail

  • referendum

    (n.) Vote on a specific issue

  • reflection

    (n.) Image or thought cast back

  • reform

    (n./v.) Make changes to improve

  • refuge

    (n.) Shelter or safe place

  • refusal

    (n.) Act of declining or saying no

  • regain

    (v.) Get back or recover again

  • regardless

    (adv.) Without considering; despite

  • regime

    (n.) Governing system or government

  • regulator

    (n.) Device or person controlling systems

  • regulatory

    (adj.) Related to rules or regulations

  • rehabilitation

    (n.) Process restoring health or status

  • reign

    (n./v.) Period of monarch's rule

  • rejection

    (n.) Refusal or dismissing

  • relevance

    (n.) Importance to the matter

  • reliability

    (n.) Dependability or trustworthiness

  • reluctant

    (adj.) Unwilling or hesitant

  • remainder

    (n.) Part left over after subtraction

  • remains

    (n.) What is left after destruction

  • remedy

    (n.) Solution to a problem

  • reminder

    (n.) Prompt to remember something

  • removal

    (n.) Act of taking away or off

  • render

    (v.) Provide or give; cause to become

  • renew

    (v.) Make new or fresh again

  • renowned

    (adj.) Famous or well-respected

  • rental

    (n.) Payment for temporary use

  • replacement

    (n.) Substitute for the original

  • reportedly

    (adv.) Supposedly or allegedly

  • representation

    (n.) Expression of something or someone

  • reproduce

    (v.) Create again or produce copies

  • reproduction

    (n.) Copy or duplication of something

  • republic

    (n.) Country with elected leadership

  • resemble

    (v.) Look like or similar to

  • reside

    (v.) Live in a place

  • residence

    (n.) Place where someone lives

  • residential

    (adj.) Related to where people live

  • residue

    (n.) Small remaining part of something

  • resignation

    (n.) Act of leaving a job or position

  • resistance

    (n.) Refusal to accept or comply

  • respective

    (adj.) Particular to each one

  • respectively

    (adv.) Suitably or in order

  • restoration

    (n.) Return to original condition

  • restraint

    (n.) limitation on freedom or action

  • resume

    (v.) continue after pause or interruption

  • retreat

    (n./v.) move back or withdraw

  • retrieve

    (v.) get back or recover

  • revelation

    (n.) disclosure of secret information

  • revenge

    (n.) get even for wrongful act

  • reverse

    (v./adj./n.) turn backward or around

  • revival

    (n.) renewal or rebirth

  • revive

    (v.) bring back to life or consciousness

  • revolutionary

    (adj.) innovative or radically new

  • rhetoric

    (n.) art of effective communication

  • rifle

    (n.) long gun with a barrel

  • riot

    (n.) violent public disturbance

  • rip

    (v.) tear apart forcibly

  • ritual

    (n.) special ceremony or act

  • robust

    (adj.) strong and healthy

  • rock

    (v.) solid mineral mass

  • rod

    (n.) straight thin stick

  • rotate

    (v.) turn around an axis

  • rotation

    (n.) spinning movement around axis

  • ruling

    (n.) deciding or governing authority

  • rumour

    (n.) unverified piece of information

  • sack

    (v.) large bag or to dismiss

  • sacred

    (adj.) holy or divine

  • sacrifice

    (n./v.) selfless act for others

  • saint

    (n.) holy or virtuous person

  • sake

    (n.) benefit or purpose

  • sanction

    (n.) official approval or penalty

  • say

    (n.) express in words

  • scattered

    (adj.) spread over a wide area

  • sceptical

    (adj.) doubting or questioning

  • scope

    (n.) range or extent of something

  • screw

    (v./n.) spiral fastener or twist

  • scrutiny

    (n.) careful examination

  • seal

    (v./n.) close securely or official mark

  • secular

    (adj.) non-religious

  • seemingly

    (adv.) apparently or allegedly

  • segment

    (n.) part divided from whole

  • seize

    (v.) take hold of suddenly

  • seldom

    (adv.) rarely or infrequently

  • selective

    (adj.) choosy or discerning

  • senator

    (n.) elected legislative member

  • sensation

    (n.) strong feeling or impression

  • sensitivity

    (n.) response to stimuli

  • sentiment

    (n.) emotional attitude or opinion

  • separation

    (n.) act of disconnect or divide

  • serial

    (adj.) occuring in sequence

  • settlement

    (n.) resolution or community

  • sexuality

    (n.) quality related to sex

  • shareholder

    (n.) owner of company shares

  • shatter

    (v.) break into pieces

  • shed

    (v.) drops discarded or to lose

  • sheer

    (adj.) utter or complete

  • shipping

    (n.) transportation of goods

  • shoot

    (n.) discharge a firearm or film

  • shrink

    (v.) become smaller or Contract

  • shrug

    (v.) listlessly raise shoulders

  • sigh

    (v./n.) breathe out deeply with emotion

  • simulate

    (v.) imitate or replicate

  • simulation

    (n.) imitation or modeled scenario

  • simultaneously

    (adv.) happening at same time

  • sin

    (n.) moral wrongdoing

  • situated

    (adj.) located in a place

  • sketch

    (n.) rough drawing or outline

  • skip

    (v.) omit or jump over

  • slam

    (v.) close forcefully or loudly

  • slap

    (v.) push or hit quickly

  • slash

    (v.) cut with a sharp blade

  • slavery

    (n.) status of being owned

  • slot

    (n.) narrow opening or position

  • smash

    (v.) break into pieces forcefully

  • snap

    (v.) make a sharp cracking sound

  • soak

    (v.) wash or be immersed in liquid

  • soar

    (v.) fly or rise high quickly

  • socialist

    (adj.) advocate of social ownership

  • sole

    (adj.) only or single

  • solely

    (adv.) exclusively or entirely

  • solicitor

    (n.) lawyer or legal representative

  • solidarity

    (n.) unity or mutual support

  • solo

    (adj./n.) performing alone

  • sound

    (adj.) auditory sensation or noise

  • sovereignty

    (n.) full independent authority

  • spam

    (n.) irrelevant or unsolicited messages

  • span

    (v./n.) extent or distance between two points

  • spare

    (v.) extra or to retain

  • spark

    (v.) small fiery particle or initiate

  • specialized

    (adj.) highly trained or specific

  • specification

    (n.) precise detail or requirement

  • specimen

    (n.) sample for testing or display

  • spectacle

    (n.) visually striking display

  • spectrum

    (n.) range of different things

  • spell

    (n.) series of letters forming a word

  • sphere

    (n.) round three-dimensional object

  • spin

    (v./n.) rapid rotation or turn

  • spine

    (n.) vertebral column in back

  • spotlight

    (n.) focused beam of light

  • spouse

    (n.) husband or wife

  • spy

    (n./v.) intelligence agent or secret observer

  • squad

    (n.) small organized group

  • squeeze

    (v.) apply pressure to compress

  • stab

    (v.) to thrust with a pointed object

  • stability

    (n.) state of being steady or unchanging

  • stabilize

    (v.) to make or become steady or stable

  • stake

    (n.) a wooden or metal post

  • standing

    (adj.) the position or status of a person or thing

  • stark

    (adj.) harsh, severe, or complete

  • statistical

    (adj.) relating to data collection and analysis

  • steer

    (v.) to control the direction of a vehicle or object

  • stem

    (n./v.) main trunk of a tree; origin or source

  • stereotype

    (n.) oversimplified fixed idea about a group

  • stimulus

    (n.) something that provokes a response

  • stir

    (v.) to mix or move around

  • storage

    (n.) place for keeping goods or data

  • straightforward

    (adj.) simple, clear, and honest

  • strain

    (n.) force that causes stress or tension

  • strand

    (n.) a single thin thread or fiber

  • strategic

    (adj.) relating to plans designed for a goal

  • striking

    (adj.) remarkable or eye-catching

  • strip

    (n./v.) to remove outer layer or covering

  • strive

    (v.) to make great effort to achieve

  • structural

    (adj.) relating to construction or framework

  • stumble

    (v.) to trip or momentarily lose balance

  • stun

    (v.) to shock or surprise greatly

  • submission

    (n.) act of yielding or surrender

  • subscriber

    (n.) a person who receives regular updates

  • subscription

    (n.) payment to receive a service regularly

  • subsidy

    (n.) financial aid provided by the government

  • substantial

    (adj.) large in amount or importance

  • substantially

    (adv.) to a great extent or degree

  • substitute

    (n./v.) to replace one thing with another

  • substitution

    (n.) the act of replacing one thing with another

  • subtle

    (adj.) difficult to detect or understand

  • suburban

    (adj.) relating to a residential area outside city

  • succession

    (n.) gradual replacement or sequence

  • successive

    (adj.) following one after another

  • successor

    (n.) one who follows another in position

  • suck

    (v.) draw into the mouth by creating a vacuum

  • sue

    (v.) to initiate legal action against someone

  • suicide

    (n.) deliberate act of ending one's life

  • suite

    (n.) a set of connected rooms

  • summit

    (n.) the highest point or peak

  • superb

    (adj.) excellent or outstanding

  • superior

    (adj.) better in quality or rank

  • supervise

    (v.) to oversee or direct work

  • supervision

    (n.) the act of supervising

  • supervisor

    (n.) a person who manages others

  • supplement

    (n./v.) to add to complete or strengthen

  • supportive

    (adj.) providing encouragement or help

  • supposedly

    (adv.) used to indicate doubt about something

  • suppress

    (v.) to forcibly put an end to or conceal

  • supreme

    (adj.) highest in rank or authority

  • surge

    (n./v.) sudden powerful increase or movement

  • surgical

    (adj.) relating to surgery or operations

  • surplus

    (n.) more than needed or used

  • surrender

    (v.) to give up or submit

  • surveillance

    (n.) supervision or close observation

  • suspension

    (n.) temporary delay or hanging

  • suspicion

    (n.) doubt about someone's honesty

  • suspicious

    (adj.) feeling or describing mistrust

  • sustain

    (v.) to maintain or support

  • swing

    (v./n.) to move back and forth

  • sword

    (n.) a weapon with a long blade

  • symbolic

    (adj.) serving as a symbol or representation

  • syndrome

    (n.) group of symptoms indicating a condition

  • synthesis

    (n.) combining parts into a whole

  • systematic

    (adj.) done according to a fixed plan

  • tackle

    (n.) to confront or deal with

  • tactic

    (n.) planned action to achieve a goal

  • tactical

    (adj.) relating to tactics or strategy

  • taxpayer

    (n.) person who pays taxes

  • tempt

    (v.) to try to entice or attract

  • tenant

    (n.) person who rents property

  • tender

    (adj.) offer or present formally

  • tenure

    (n.) period of holding a position

  • terminal

    (adj.) end point or station

  • terminate

    (v.) to end or conclude

  • terrain

    (n.) landscape or ground surface

  • terrific

    (adj.) extremely good or impressive

  • testify

    (v.) to give evidence in court

  • testimony

    (n.) statement made under oath

  • texture

    (n.) surface quality of a material

  • thankfully

    (adv.) done with relief or gratitude

  • theatrical

    (adj.) relating to drama or performance

  • theology

    (n.) the study of religion and God

  • theoretical

    (adj.) based on theory rather than practice

  • thereafter

    (adv.) after that time

  • thereby

    (adv.) by that means or action

  • thoughtful

    (adj.) considerate or reflective

  • thread

    (n.) piece of fiber or filament

  • threshold

    (n.) entry point or limit

  • thrilled

    (adj.) feeling joy or excitement

  • thrive

    (v.) to grow well or prosper

  • tide

    (n.) rising and falling of water

  • tighten

    (v.) to make tight or secure

  • timber

    (n.) wood prepared for building

  • timely

    (adj.) at the right or appropriate time

  • tobacco

    (n.) plant used in smoking products

  • tolerance

    (n.) acceptance of different views or practices

  • tolerate

    (v.) to accept or endure

  • toll

    (n.) charge for transportation or a loss of lives

  • top

    (v.) the highest point or position

  • torture

    (n./v.) severe physical or mental pain

  • toss

    (v.) throw lightly or casually

  • total

    (v.) the complete amount or sum

  • toxic

    (adj.) poisonous or harmful substance

  • trace

    (n.) traces or signs of something

  • trademark

    (n.) a symbol or name identifying a product

  • trail

    (n./v.) a path or track left by something moving

  • trailer

    (n.) a preview of a film or show

  • transaction

    (n.) an exchange or transfer of goods or funds

  • transcript

    (n.) a written or typed record of speech

  • transformation

    (n.) a complete change or alteration

  • transit

    (n.) passage or journey through or across

  • transmission

    (n.) sending or conveying from one place to another

  • transparency

    (n.) quality of being see-through or open

  • transparent

    (adj.) allowing light to pass through

  • trauma

    (n.) severe emotional or physical injury

  • treaty

    (n.) formal agreement between countries

  • tremendous

    (adj.) very large or great in size

  • tribal

    (adj.) relating to a tribe or tribes

  • tribunal

    (n.) a court of justice or tribunal

  • tribute

    (n.) an act or statement of praise or respect

  • trigger

    (n.) a device that initiates a process

  • trio

    (n.) a group of three people or things

  • triumph

    (n.) a great victory or achievement

  • trophy

    (n.) a prize awarded for victory

  • troubled

    (adj.) having problems or difficulties

  • trustee

    (n.) a person entrusted with property or responsibilities

  • tuition

    (n.) the fee for instruction or education

  • turnout

    (n.) the number of people attending

  • turnover

    (n.) rate of business or stock change

  • twist

    (v./n.) bend or turn out of shape

  • undergraduate

    (n.) a university student before graduation

  • underlying

    (adj.) fundamental or basic

  • undermine

    (v.) damage or weaken gradually

  • undoubtedly

    (adv.) without question or doubt

  • unify

    (v.) b Create or bring together as one

  • unprecedented

    (adj.) never done or known before

  • unveil

    (v.) to reveal or disclose publicly

  • upcoming

    (adj.) happening soon or in the future

  • upgrade

    (v./n.) improve or enhance in quality

  • uphold

    (v.) maintain or support the law or rules

  • utility

    (n.) usefulness or service provided

  • utilize

    (v.) make practical or effective use of

  • utterly

    (adv.) completely or absolutely

  • vacuum

    (n.) a space entirely devoid of matter

  • vague

    (adj.) not clearly expressed or understood

  • validity

    (n.) the state of being legally or logically sound

  • vanish

    (v.) disappear suddenly or completely

  • variable

    (n./adj.) different or changing

  • varied

    (adj.) differing in type or amount

  • vein

    (n.) a blood vessel or natural channel

  • venture

    (n./v.) a risky or daring journey or project

  • verbal

    (adj.) relating to words or speech

  • verdict

    (n.) the decision reached in a trial

  • verify

    (v.) to confirm or establish truth

  • verse

    (n.) a line of poetry or a section of scripture

  • versus

    (prep.) against or in opposition to

  • vessel

    (n.) a container or ship for transport

  • veteran

    (n.) experienced person or former soldier

  • viable

    (adj.) capable of working successfully

  • vibrant

    (adj.) lively or full of energy

  • vice

    (n.) moral fault or bad habit

  • vicious

    (adj.) harmful or violent

  • villager

    (n.) a person living in a village

  • violate

    (v.) break or breach a law or rule

  • violation

    (n.) the act of breaking a law or rule

  • virtue

    (n.) moral excellence or good quality

  • vocal

    (adj.) relating to the voice or speech

  • vow

    (v.) a solemn promise or oath

  • vulnerability

    (n.) generally susceptible to harm

  • vulnerable

    (adj.) easily harmed or affected

  • ward

    (n.) a person under care or protection

  • warehouse

    (n.) large building for storing goods

  • warfare

    (n.) military conflict or fighting

  • warrant

    (n./v.) official document authorizing police action

  • warrior

    (n.) a fighter or soldier

  • weaken

    (v.) reduce strength or effectiveness

  • weave

    (v.) interlace threads to make fabric

  • weed

    (n.) unwanted plant growing among crops

  • well

    (n.) healthy or in good condition

  • whatsoever

    (adv.) at all; regardless of

  • whereby

    (adv.) by which or through which

  • whilst

    (conj.) while or during the same time

  • whip

    (v.) strike or hit with a whip

  • wholly

    (adv.) entirely or fully

  • widen

    (v.) increase in width

  • widow

    (n.) a woman whose spouse has died

  • width

    (n.) the measurement across an object

  • willingness

    (n.) readiness to do something

  • wipe

    (v.) remove or clean with a cloth

  • wit

    (n.) mental sharpness and humor

  • withdrawal

    (n.) the act of pulling back or removing

  • workout

    (n.) seasion of physical exercise

  • worship

    (n./v.) reverence or adoration for deity

  • worthwhile

    (adj.) something worth doing

  • worthy

    (adj.) having value or merit

  • yell

    (v.) yet or shout loudly

  • yield

    (n./v.) produce or give in response

  • youngster

    (n.) a young child or youth