TOEFL 5000 Vocabulary Volume 2

Classify by Letter Classify by Lesson Start Quiz

  • abbreviate

    (v.)shorten or condense into a shorter form

  • aboard

    (adv.)on or in a vehicle or ship

  • absentee

    (n.)person who is absent

  • absolute

    (adj.)complete, total; not relative

  • absorption

    (n.)process of taking in or soaking up

  • absurd

    (adj.)ridiculous or unreasonable

  • abundant

    (adj.)existing in large quantities; plentiful

  • abuse

    (n.)mistreatment or misuse

  • academic

    (adj.)related to education or scholarly pursuits

  • accelerate

    (v.)increase in speed or progress

  • account

    (n.)record of financial transactions; explanation

  • accountant

    (n.)professional who manages financial records

  • accumulate

    (v.)gather or collect over time

  • accuracy

    (n.)precision or correctness of something

  • acidity

    (n.)level of acid; sourness

  • acquaintance

    (n.)familiarity with someone or something

  • activate

    (v.)make active or start functioning

  • actuate

    (v.)to put into action or motion

  • acumen

    (n.)quickness and accuracy of judgment

  • acute

    (adj.)harp or severe; sharp or pointed

  • adapt

    (v.)modify for a new purpose

  • adaptation

    (n.)process of adjusting or changing

  • adjoining

    (adj.)next to or connected with

  • adjustment

    (n.)small change or correction

  • administration

    (n.)managing or governing an organization

  • administrator

    (n.)person who manages operations

  • admire

    (v.)respect or think highly of

  • advancement

    (n.)progress or promotion

  • adventurer

    (n.)person who seeks exciting experiences

  • adversely

    (adv.)in a harmful or unfavorable way

  • advocate

    (n.)support or recommend publicly

  • affinity

    (n.)natural liking or attraction

  • afflict

    (v.)cause pain or suffering

  • afford

    (v.)be able to pay for or supply

  • agile

    (adj.)hip, quick, and flexible

  • agility

    (n.)ability to move quickly and easily

  • agreeable

    (adj.)pleasant or nice to be with

  • agriculture

    (n.)farming; cultivation of land

  • aim

    (n.)goal or target to achieve

  • airsickness

    (n.)nausea caused by altitude or flight

  • akin

    (adj.)similar or related to

  • alchemy

    (n.)medieval practice of turning base metals into gold

  • alder

    (n.)a type of tree or shrub

  • alloy

    (n.)mixture of two or more metals

  • allude

    (v.)mention indirectly or casually

  • alter

    (v.)make a change to something

  • alternate

    (v.)take turns or follow one after another

  • alternative

    (n.)another choice or option

  • amateur

    (n.)someone who engages without pay; beginner

  • ambience

    (n.)mood or atmosphere of a place

  • ambivalent

    (adj.)holding mixed feelings or doubts

  • amble

    (n.)walk slowly and leisurely

  • amenity

    (n.)comfort or convenience; pleasing feature

  • amnesia

    (n.)memory loss condition

  • amount

    (n.)total sum or quantity

  • ample

    (adj.)more than enough in size or extent

  • anarchist

    (n.)person advocating chaos or absence of government

  • announcer

    (n.)person who publicly announces

  • annual

    (adj.)happening once every year

  • antiquate

    (v.)make outdated or old-fashioned

  • antique

    (adj.)old and collectible object

  • apology

    (n.)expression of sorry or regret

  • appreciation

    (n.)recognition of worth or quality

  • apt

    (adj.)suitable or appropriate

  • arbitrary

    (adj.)based on random choice or personal whim

  • archaeological

    (adj.)relating to ancient artifacts or sites

  • architectural

    (adj.)pertaining to building design and structure

  • arena

    (n.)an enclosed area for sports or entertainment

  • aria

    (n.)expressive melody sung alone in opera

  • armored

    (adj.)protected by armor or a shell

  • arrange

    (v.)organize or set in order

  • artificial

    (adj.)made or produced by humans; not natural

  • artisan

    (n.)skilled craftsperson or artist

  • assemble

    (v.)bring parts together to form a whole

  • asset

    (n.)useful or valuable thing or person

  • associate

    (v.)connect or link; partner or colleague

  • astonishing

    (adj.)causing surprise or amazement

  • atheist

    (n.)person who disbelieves or lacks belief in gods

  • atomic

    (adj.)relating to atoms; tiny or indivisible

  • attack

    (n.)aggressive act to harm or defeat

  • attribute

    (v.)characteristic or quality of someone or something

  • audible

    (adj.)able to be heard

  • audition

    (v.)tryout for a role or performance

  • augment

    (v.)increase or make larger

  • authentic

    (adj.)genuine, real, or true

  • authenticate

    (v.)prove as genuine or valid

  • automated

    (adj.)operated by machines or computers

  • automatic

    (adj.)working by itself without human intervention

  • automotive

    (adj.)related to cars or vehicles

  • avert

    (v.)turn away or prevent something undesirable

  • avocation

    (n.)minor occupation or hobby outside main job

  • awareness

    (n.)knowledge or perception of a situation

  • babysitter

    (n.)person who looks after children temporarily

  • baggage

    (n.)suitcases and bags used for traveling

  • balmy

    (adj.)mild, warm, and soothing

  • ban

    (n.)officially prohibit or outlaw

  • band

    (n.)group of musicians or a ring-shaped object

  • banker

    (n.)person who manages banking or finance

  • bankrupt

    (adj.)unable to pay debts; financially ruined

  • bare

    (adj.)without covering or clothing

  • barrier

    (n.)obstacle that prevents movement or progress

  • bead

    (n.)a small decorative object with a hole for stringing

  • beak

    (n.)hard pointed mouth of bird

  • beam

    (n.)radiant line of light or energy; support structure

  • behave

    (v.)to act in a certain manner

  • behavior

    (n.)actions or conduct of someone or something

  • beneath

    (adv.)below or under

  • besides

    (adv.)in addition to; apart from

  • beverage

    (n.)a drink, especially alcohol or soft drink

  • bias

    (n.)prejudice in favor or against something

  • biographer

    (n.)a person who writes someone's life story

  • blacksmith

    (n.)worker who makes or repairs metal objects

  • blaze

    (v.)bright flame or fire

  • blazing

    (adj.)very hot or bright

  • bleach

    (v.)to whiten or remove color from

  • blemish

    (v.)imperfection or flaw

  • blessing

    (n.)good wishes or divine favor

  • bluff

    (n.)a steep cliff; to deceive or mislead

  • boardinghouse

    (n.)lodging house offering meals

  • bolster

    (n.)to support or reinforce

  • bond

    (n.)a strong connection or link

  • boost

    (v.)to increase or improve

  • brain

    (n.)organ of thought and intelligence

  • breathless

    (adj.)unable to breathe normally

  • breed

    (v.)to reproduce; a specific type of animal

  • breeze

    (n.)light wind

  • brighten

    (v.)to make brighter or happier

  • briskness

    (n.)liveliness or quickness

  • broadcast

    (n.)to transmit over the airwaves

  • brochure

    (n.)small booklet or pamphlet

  • brown

    (adj.)color resembling soil or chocolate

  • bulk

    (n.)large size or mass

  • bulky

    (adj.)very large and difficult to handle

  • bundle

    (n.)group of things tied together

  • burdensome

    (adj.)difficult or oppressing to carry or endure

  • bush

    (n.)shrub or small plant

  • bust

    (n.)complete failure

  • bustle

    (v.)to move energetically

  • butter

    (n.)dairy product made from churning cream

  • cadaverous

    (adj.)resembling a corpse; very pale

  • calculation

    (n.)mathematical operation or estimate

  • candidate

    (n.)person running for a position

  • cannibalism

    (n.)eating human flesh

  • capability

    (n.)ability or competence

  • capacity

    (n.)maximum amount something can contain

  • capillary

    (n.)small blood vessel

  • captivity

    (n.)being confined or imprisoned

  • cardiac

    (adj.)relating to the heart

  • careerism

    (n.)self-centered pursuit of professional advancement

  • careless

    (adj.)lacking attention or caution

  • carver

    (n.)person who cuts or shapes wood or stone

  • cast

    (v.)to throw or shape by pouring; actors in a play

  • celebrate

    (v.)to honor or observe with festivities

  • celebrity

    (n.)famous person

  • celestial

    (adj.)relating to the sky or heavens

  • cell

    (n.)smallest unit of living organism

  • census

    (n.)official population count

  • centenary

    (adj.)one hundredth anniversary

  • centigrade

    (adj.)temperature scale; celsius

  • champion

    (v.)winner or advocate

  • chapel

    (n.)small place of worship

  • character

    (n.)distinctive qualities or traits

  • charter

    (v.)formal document granting rights

  • chaste

    (adj.)morally pure or modest

  • chisel

    (n.)tool for carving or cutting

  • choreograph

    (v.)to design dance movements

  • chubby

    (adj.)fat and rounded

  • chunk

    (n.)thick piece of something

  • circulate

    (v.)to move around or pass from person to person

  • circumference

    (n.)circular boundary of a circle

  • circumscribe

    (v.)to draw around; limit

  • cite

    (v.)to quote or mention officially

  • civilian

    (adj.)non-military person

  • clamor

    (n.)loud noise or shouting

  • clarification

    (n.)clear explanation or making clear

  • clarify

    (v.)to make clear or understandable

  • classify

    (v.)to arrange into categories

  • climatic

    (adj.)related to climate or weather

  • clinical

    (adj.)related to treatment or medicine

  • cluster

    (n.)group of similar things gathered

  • coalition

    (n.)an alliance for some purpose

  • coax

    (v.)to persuade gently

  • coherence

    (n.)clearness or logical connection

  • coin

    (v.)small metal piece used as currency

  • coincide

    (v.)to occur at the same time or place

  • colloquial

    (adj.)informal spoken language

  • colonial

    (adj.)relating to colonies or colonization

  • colossal

    (adj.)very large or great

  • cometary

    (adj.)relating to comets

  • commercial

    (adj.)related to business or trade

  • commercialize

    (v.)to turn into a business venture

  • commitment

    (n.)a pledge or firm dedication

  • commonplace

    (adj.)ordinary or unremarkable

  • commute

    (v.)to travel regularly between home and work

  • compact

    (adj.)small and tightly packed; agreement

  • compensate

    (v.)to make up for something

  • competence

    (n.)ability to do something effectively

  • competitor

    (n.)one who competes against others

  • compile

    (v.)to gather and assemble

  • complain

    (v.)to express dissatisfaction

  • complex

    (adj.)consisting of interconnected parts

  • complicity

    (n.)involvement in wrongdoing

  • compliment

    (n.)expression of praise or admiration

  • composition

    (n.)writings or music created by an artist

  • compress

    (v.)to squeeze or press together tightly

  • compulsory

    (adj.)required by law or rule

  • compute

    (v.)to calculate or reckon accurately

  • concert

    (n.)live music performance for an audience

  • concerted

    (adj.)done together with coordinated effort

  • condenser

    (n.)device that condenses vapor into liquid

  • conditioning

    (n.)process of improving or stabilizing

  • conference

    (n.)formal meeting for discussion

  • confession

    (n.)acknowledgment of guilt or wrong

  • confine

    (v.)to limit or restrict within boundaries

  • conflicting

    (adj.)in disagreement or opposition

  • confusion

    (n.)lack of clarity or understanding

  • congenital

    (adj.)existing at birth

  • congestion

    (n.)accumulation of fluid or traffic

  • congress

    (n.)formal assembly of representatives

  • congressional

    (adj.)relating to a legislative body

  • congressman

    (n.)member of a legislative congress

  • connection

    (n.)link or relationship between things

  • conscience

    (n.)inner sense of right and wrong

  • consciously

    (adv.)aware of and intentionally doing something

  • conservation

    (n.)protection and preservation of resources

  • conservationist

    (n.)person advocating resource preservation

  • considerable

    (adj.)worthy of attention; substantial

  • conspicuous

    (adj.)easily noticeable or obvious

  • conspiracy

    (n.)secret plan to commit a wrongful act

  • constitute

    (v.)to make up or form

  • constitutional

    (adj.)relating to a country's constitution

  • constrict

    (v.)to make smaller or tighter

  • consume

    (v.)to eat, drink, or use up

  • consumer

    (n.)one who purchases or uses goods

  • contamination

    (n.)presence of harmful substances

  • contemplate

    (v.)to think deeply or consider

  • contemporary

    (adj.)living or occurring in the same time

  • continent

    (n.)large landmass on earth's surface

  • continuation

    (n.)the act of ongoing or prolonging

  • continuity

    (n.)uninterrupted connection or flow

  • contractor

    (n.)person or company hired for projects

  • contradictory

    (adj.)logically inconsistent or opposed

  • contrary

    (adj.)opposite in nature or direction

  • convincing

    (adj.)persuasive or believable

  • cooperation

    (n.)working together for a goal

  • coordinated

    (adj.)ordered, organized, or harmonized

  • coordination

    (n.)process of organizing different elements

  • core

    (n.)central part of something

  • correlate

    (v.)to have a mutual relationship

  • correspondence

    (n.)communication by letter or email

  • cosmic

    (adj.)pertaining to the universe

  • counselor

    (n.)provided guidance or advice

  • counteract

    (v.)to act against or neutralize

  • counterbalance

    (v.)to offset or stabilize weight

  • courier

    (n.)person who delivers packages

  • courteous

    (adj.)polite and respectful

  • courtly

    (adj.)elegant or refined in manners

  • cover

    (v.)to place over or upon

  • craft

    (v.)skill in making things

  • cram

    (v.)to stuff or pack tightly

  • crawl

    (v.)to move on hands and knees

  • creep

    (v.)to move stealthily or slowly

  • crisscross

    (v.)to intersect or cross repeatedly

  • crude

    (adj.)unrefined or raw

  • crust

    (n.)earth's outer layer or bread's outer layer

  • crustacean

    (n.)aquatic arthropod like crab or lobster

  • crystal

    (n.)transparent mineral or glass

  • culinary

    (adj.)relating to cooking or kitchens

  • culminate

    (v.)to reach highest point or final stage

  • cultivation

    (n.)act of growing or improving crops

  • curator

    (n.)person in charge of a museum

  • currency

    (n.)system of money used in a country

  • currently

    (adv.)at the present moment

  • cushion

    (v.)padded object for comfort or protection

  • customer

    (n.)person who purchases goods or services

  • customs

    (n.)duties on imports or regulations

  • cuticle

    (n.)skin at the base of a fingernail

  • dampen

    (v.)to make slightly wet or less strong

  • date

    (v.)specific day or point in time

  • dated

    (adj.)old-fashioned or out of current style

  • deal

    (n.)an agreement or transaction

  • debt

    (n.)money owed

  • deceptive

    (adj.)misleading or dishonest

  • decimal

    (adj.)number based on tenths or hundredths

  • decorative

    (adj.)designed to look attractive

  • decrease

    (v.)to become smaller or less

  • defective

    (adj.)having faults or flaws

  • defense

    (n.)protection against attack or danger

  • defrost

    (v.)to remove frost or ice

  • deft

    (adj.)skilled and quick in movement

  • degrade

    (v.)to lower in quality or dignity

  • dehydration

    (n.)excessive loss of body fluids

  • delay

    (n.)to postpone or hold back

  • delirium

    (n.)state of mental confusion

  • demagnetize

    (v.)to remove magnetic properties

  • demolish

    (v.)to destroy completely

  • demonstration

    (n.)public display or explanation

  • dental

    (adj.)relating to teeth or dentistry

  • dependent

    (n.)relying on or needing support

  • depredation

    (n.)act of attacking or plundering

  • depress

    (v.)to move downward or make sad

  • depression

    (n.)period of economic decline or emotional low

  • deprivation

    (n.)lack of essential needs or comforts

  • derive

    (v.)obtain from a source or origin

  • descend

    (v.)move downward or go back in family line

  • descendant

    (n.)person related to an ancestor

  • designate

    (v.)officially name or point out

  • dialogue

    (n.)conversation between two or more people

  • diameter

    (n.)straight line passing through circle's center

  • dictate

    (v.)give orders or prescribe authority

  • diction

    (n.)choice and use of words and style

  • diet

    (n.)food intake for health or weight

  • dieter

    (n.)person who controls food intake

  • digestive

    (adj.)related to breaking down food

  • dignity

    (n.)sense of self-respect or worth

  • dilemma

    (n.)difficult choice between two unfavorable options

  • dimension

    (n.)measure of size or extent

  • disagreeable

    (adj.)causing discomfort or displeasure

  • discerning

    (adj.)showing good judgment or insight

  • discharge

    (v.)official release or streaming out

  • disinterested

    (adj.)unbiased or impartial

  • disperse

    (v.)scatter or spread widely

  • disposed

    (adj.)inclined or willing toward

  • disposition

    (n.)natural mental or emotional attitude

  • dissenter

    (n.)person who opposes accepted ideas

  • dissolve

    (v.)mix or break into liquid; end a formal process

  • distinguished

    (adj.)famous or notable; showing excellence

  • distortion

    (n.)misrepresentation or alteration

  • dive

    (v.)jump headfirst into water

  • diver

    (n.)person who swims underwater

  • diversity

    (n.)variety or range of different things

  • dizziness

    (n.)feeling of spinning or unsteadiness

  • docile

    (adj.)easy to train or manage

  • doctrine

    (n.)official teaching or belief

  • document

    (v.)written or printed record

  • dominant

    (adj.)most important or powerful

  • dominate

    (v.)control or oversee completely

  • dorsal

    (adj.)related to the back side of an organism

  • drag

    (v.)pull or exert force backwards

  • drama

    (n.)play or story with emotional content

  • drastic

    (adj.)extreme or severe in effect

  • drip

    (n.)small drop of liquid

  • dripstone

    (n.)mineral deposit from dripping water

  • due

    (adj.)expected or owed at a certain time

  • dumb

    (adj.)lacking speech or intelligence

  • duration

    (n.)length of time something lasts

  • earthquake

    (n.)sudden shaking of the ground

  • eccentricity

    (n.)unusual or quirky behavior

  • ecological

    (adj.)related to environment or ecosystems

  • edge

    (n.)boundary or border of something

  • education

    (n.)process of acquiring knowledge

  • eject

    (v.)push out or throw away forcibly

  • elaborate

    (adj.)explain in detail with complexity

  • electromagnetic

    (adj.)related to electric and magnetic fields

  • elegance

    (n.)graceful and stylish appearance

  • elegant

    (adj.)tastefully beautiful or refined

  • elevate

    (v.)raise to a higher position

  • elevator

    (n.)machine to move people vertically

  • eligible

    (adj.)meeting requirements for something

  • elongate

    (v.)make longer in size or shape

  • emission

    (n.)release of substances or energy

  • enactment

    (n.)act of passing legislation

  • enclosure

    (n.)fenced or enclosed area

  • endurance

    (n.)ability to withstand hardship

  • engraving

    (n.)carving or inscribing designs

  • enhance

    (v.)improve or intensify quality

  • enrich

    (v.)make richer or more valuable

  • entertainer

    (n.)person who amuses an audience

  • entity

    (n.)independent existence or being

  • entrepreneur

    (n.)person who starts businesses

  • envision

    (v.)imagine or picture mentally

  • epic

    (n.)long heroic story or poem

  • epidemic

    (n.)widespread outbreak of disease

  • epidermis

    (n.)outer skin layer of body

  • epoch

    (n.)significant period in history

  • equality

    (n.)state of being equal or fair

  • equestrian

    (n.)related to horse riding

  • equilibrium

    (n.)state of balance or stability

  • equitable

    (adj.)fair and impartial

  • erratic

    (adj.)unpredictable or inconsistent

  • eruption

    (n.)sudden explosion or outburst

  • essential

    (adj.)absolutely necessary or important

  • ethics

    (n.)moral principles guiding behavior

  • ethnic

    (adj.)relating to a particular cultural group

  • etiquette

    (n.)proper manners and conduct

  • evaporation

    (n.)conversion of liquid to vapor

  • evergreen

    (adj.)plants that stay green year-round

  • evident

    (adj.)clearly visible or understood

  • evolutionary

    (adj.)related to gradual development

  • exact

    (adj.)precise or accurate

  • exacting

    (adj.)requiring high standards or effort

  • exaggerate

    (v.)overstate or stretch the truth

  • exclusion

    (n.)act of leaving out or removing

  • exclusive

    (adj.)restricted to a particular group

  • execute

    (v.)carry out or perform a task

  • executive

    (n.)person with decision-making power

  • exempt

    (adj.)free from obligation or duty

  • exemption

    (n.)official release from duty

  • exit

    (n.)way out or departure point

  • expanse

    (n.)wide continuous area

  • expel

    (v.)force to leave or eject

  • expenditure

    (n.)spending of money or resources

  • explicit

    (adj.)fully and clearly expressed

  • exploit

    (v.)use for personal gain or benefit

  • exponential

    (adj.)increasing rapidly at an accelerating rate

  • expressly

    (adv.)clearly or explicitly stated

  • extend

    (v.)make longer or larger

  • exterior

    (n.)outer surface or part of something

  • extinct

    (adj.)no longer existing or living

  • extol

    (v.)praise highly

  • extract

    (n.)remove or obtain by effort

  • factual

    (adj.)based on facts

  • faithful

    (adj.)loyal and reliable

  • favored

    (adj.)preferred or privileged

  • feeder

    (n.)device or person supplying food

  • feminism

    (n.)advocacy for women's rights

  • festive

    (adj.)relating to celebration or holidays

  • feverish

    (adj.)showing symptoms of fever or excitement

  • finance

    (v.)management of money or funds

  • finesse

    (n.)skillful handling or delicacy

  • fireproof

    (adj.)resistant to catching fire

  • flair

    (n.)natural talent or aptitude

  • flexibility

    (n.)ability to bend easily

  • flexible

    (adj.)capable of bending without breaking

  • flint

    (n.)hard gray rock used to make fire

  • floodplain

    (n.)flat land near a river prone to flooding

  • flora

    (n.)plant life in a particular area

  • floral

    (adj.)related to flowers

  • flounder

    (v.)struggle or stumble; a type of fish

  • fluorescent

    (adj.)emitting bright light when exposed to radiation

  • foggy

    (adj.)covered by fog, unclear

  • fold

    (v.)bend or crease material

  • foliage

    (n.)leaves of plants or trees

  • foolish

    (adj.)lacking good sense or judgment

  • forbid

    (v.)prohibit or not allow

  • ford

    (n.)cross a river or stream on foot

  • forecast

    (n.)prediction of future weather or events

  • forerunner

    (n.)precursor or predecessor

  • forestall

    (v.)prevent or obstruct by acting in advance

  • foretell

    (v.)predict the future

  • formal

    (adj.)done in accordance with rules or customs

  • format

    (v.)arrangement or layout of data

  • former

    (adj.)previous or earlier

  • formerly

    (adv.)in the past

  • formula

    (n.)mathematical or chemical rule

  • fortify

    (v.)strengthen or reinforce

  • fortunate

    (adj.)lucky or having good luck

  • foster

    (v.)promote or encourage development

  • founder

    (n.)person who establishes something

  • fragment

    (n.)small broken piece

  • fragrant

    (adj.)having a pleasant smell

  • frenzy

    (n.)wild excitement or derangement

  • freshly

    (adv.)recently or newly

  • freshness

    (n.)state of being freshly made or gathered

  • fringe

    (n.)outer edge or border

  • frisky

    (adj.)playfully lively

  • frivolity

    (n.)lack of seriousness or importance

  • frown

    (v.)facial expression of displeasure

  • fruitful

    (adj.)producing good results

  • fruitfulness

    (n.)abundance of fruits or results

  • frustrate

    (v.)hinder or prevent from success

  • functioning

    (n.)operating or working properly

  • fund

    (n.)money saved or allocated for a purpose

  • fundamental

    (adj.)basic or essential

  • fungus

    (n.)spore-producing organism like mold

  • furnish

    (v.)provide furniture or equipment

  • gallery

    (n.)space for displaying art

  • gap

    (n.)opening or space between two things

  • garish

    (adj.)excessively bright or showy

  • gaseous

    (adj.)relating to gases

  • gasoline

    (n.)fuel for engines; petrol

  • gauge

    (n.)measure or estimate a quantity

  • gazette

    (n.)official public journal or newspaper

  • gem

    (n.)precious or semi-precious stone

  • generalize

    (v.)draw broad conclusions from specifics

  • generous

    (adj.)willing to give or share

  • genetic

    (adj.)relating to genes or heredity

  • gentility

    (n.)politeness or refinement

  • giant

    (n.)very large or powerful

  • gibe

    (v.)tease or mocking remark

  • glacial

    (adj.)relating to glaciers or very cold

  • glandular

    (adj.)pertaining to glands

  • glare

    (n.)intense and harsh light or anger

  • gourmand

    (n.)someone who enjoys good food

  • gourmet

    (n.)connoisseur of fine food and drink

  • graduate

    (n.)complete a course or school; person who graduates

  • graft

    (n.)insert or transplant tissue; dishonest practice

  • grandeur

    (n.)impressive beauty or greatness

  • gravitational

    (adj.)relating to gravity

  • grease

    (n.)oily substance used for lubrication

  • gross

    (adj.)total before deductions; obvious or rude

  • guarantee

    (n.)promise to ensure quality or performance

  • gull

    (n.)fool or cheat; seabird

  • gymnastic

    (adj.)athletic exercises and movements

  • hail

    (v.)frozen rain or to greet loudly

  • ham

    (n.)pork meat from the thigh

  • hamper

    (v.)basket for laundry or hindrance

  • haphazard

    (adj.)random or unorganized

  • harbor

    (v.)shelter for ships or refuge

  • hardware

    (n.)tools and metal objects

  • harmonic

    (adj.)relating to harmony or pleasing sounds

  • haunt

    (n.)frequented place or repeatedly visit

  • haven

    (n.)safe and peaceful place

  • headquarter

    (n.)main office or center

  • heavenly

    (adj.)divine or relating to the sky or heavens

  • heed

    (v.)pay attention to something important

  • heir

    (n.)person who inherits property or title

  • herald

    (n.)announce or signal the approach of

  • herd

    (n.)a group of animals or people

  • hesitate

    (v.)pause before doing or saying something

  • heyday

    (n.)peak period of success or popularity

  • hide

    (v.)cover or conceal something

  • hike

    (v.)long walk for exercise or pleasure

  • hillbilly

    (n.)rural person from appalachian mountains

  • hilly

    (adj.)having many small hills

  • hinder

    (v.)create obstacle or delay

  • hinterland

    (n.)remote area behind coastline or river

  • homemade

    (adj.)made at home, not commercial

  • homespun

    (adj.)simple or rustic fabric or style

  • homogeneous

    (adj.)of the same kind or nature

  • horizon

    (n.)line where sky meets earth

  • horn

    (n.)hard protruding device on some animals

  • house

    (v.)building for human residence

  • humanist

    (n.)studies humanity and human values

  • humanistic

    (adj.)centered on human values and concerns

  • humanitarian

    (n.)promoting human welfare and rights

  • humble

    (adj.)having or showing a modest estimate of one's value or importance

  • humility

    (n.)quality of being humble

  • icicle

    (n.)ice formation hanging from surfaces

  • idiomatic

    (adj.)expressed in idioms or phrases

  • igneous

    (adj.)formed from cooled lava or magma

  • illuminate

    (v.)light up or make clear

  • illusion

    (n.)misleading or false perception

  • illustration

    (n.)visual explanation or decoration

  • imaginative

    (adj.)creative and full of ideas

  • imitate

    (v.)copy someone or something

  • immediate

    (adj.)instant or without delay

  • immigrant

    (n.)person moving to live permanently

  • immigration

    (n.)process of moving to a new country

  • immunity

    (n.)resistance to disease or harm

  • impartial

    (adj.)treat all equally without bias

  • impermeable

    (adj.)not allowing passage of liquids

  • impersonate

    (v.)pretend to be someone else

  • impersonation

    (n.)act of imitating someone

  • implement

    (v.)put into effect or action

  • impressionable

    (adj.)sensitive to influence or ideas

  • impressive

    (adj.)affecting or evoking admiration

  • inadequate

    (adj.)not sufficient or suitable

  • inanimate

    (adj.)lacking life or spirit

  • incidence

    (n.)occurrence of an event

  • incident

    (n.)an unexpected event or situation

  • incisive

    (adj.)clearly expressing ideas or opinions

  • inclination

    (n.)preference or tendency toward something

  • incongruity

    (n.)lack of harmony or compatibility

  • incongruous

    (adj.)incompatible or out of place

  • inconvenient

    (adj.)difficult or disruptive

  • indent

    (v.)recess or notch in edge or surface

  • independent

    (adj.)self-reliant or not controlled by others

  • indicate

    (v.)show or point out significance

  • induce

    (v.)cause to happen or bring about

  • industrial

    (adj.)relating to industry or manufacturing

  • industrialized

    (v.)made to be industry-driven or modern

  • inelastic

    (adj.)not changing shape under stress

  • inexorable

    (adj.)impossible to stop or avoid

  • infection

    (n.)contamination by harmful microorganisms

  • inferior

    (adj.)lower in quality or status

  • infest

    (v.)inhabit in large numbers and causing damage

  • infiltrate

    (v.)enter gradually or surreptitiously

  • inhabit

    (v.)live in or occupy a place

  • inherit

    (v.)receive property or traits from past

  • inject

    (v.)force into or into the body

  • innate

    (adj.)existing from birth naturally

  • innermost

    (adj.)closest to the center or core

  • innovative

    (adj.)introducing new ideas or methods

  • insanity

    (n.)serious mental illness

  • insignificant

    (adj.)too small to be noticed

  • inspect

    (v.)carefully examine or check

  • installment

    (n.)part of a series or payment

  • insufficient

    (adj.)not enough or lacking

  • insult

    (v.)offensive or disrespectful remark

  • insurmountable

    (adj.)impossible to overcome

  • integrate

    (v.)combine into a whole or system

  • integrity

    (n.)honesty and moral principles

  • intellectual

    (adj.)relating to the mind and thinking

  • intention

    (n.)purpose or aim of an action

  • interconnected

    (adj.)linked or related to each other

  • interdependent

    (adj.)requiring each other to function

  • interference

    (n.)disruption or obstruction

  • interlocking

    (adj.)connecting or fitting together

  • intermediate

    (adj.)coming between two things

  • intermittent

    (adj.)ongoing with stops and starts

  • interpersonal

    (adj.)relating to interactions between people

  • intersection

    (n.)point where two or more things cross

  • interval

    (n.)time between events or points

  • intrinsic

    (adj.)belonging naturally to something

  • introspective

    (adj.)contemplative or self-reflective

  • intruding

    (adj.)entering without permission

  • inundate

    (v.)flood or overwhelm

  • invade

    (v.)come into a place aggressively

  • invasion

    (n.)entry by enemy or unwelcome visitors

  • inverse

    (adj.)opposite in position or direction

  • ionosphere

    (n.)layer of charged particles in atmosphere

  • irrelevant

    (adj.)not related to the matter at hand

  • irreparable

    (adj.)impossible to repair or fix

  • irresistible

    (adj.)too attractive to refuse

  • irresponsible

    (adj.)lacking sense of responsibility

  • irritate

    (v.)cause annoyance or mild anger

  • itinerary

    (n.)planned travel route or schedule

  • jar

    (n.)container with a lid for storage

  • jeweler

    (n.)person who makes or sells jewelry

  • journal

    (n.)personal daily record of events

  • journalism

    (n.)reportage and production of news

  • juice

    (n.)liquid extracted from fruits or vegetables

  • juncture

    (n.)critical point or connection

  • justice

    (n.)fair treatment or legal system

  • kennel

    (n.)shelter for dogs or cats

  • kinetic

    (adj.)related to motion or movement

  • kingdom

    (n.)realm ruled by a king or queen

  • labyrinth

    (n.)complex maze or intricate pathways

  • larynx

    (n.)voice box located in the throat

  • laser

    (n.)focused beam of intense light

  • latent

    (adj.)hidden or undeveloped state

  • lavish

    (adj.)rich, elaborate, or luxurious

  • lawsuit

    (n.)legal action for civil claims

  • lay

    (v.)make or put in a resting position

  • layout

    (n.)arrangement or design plan

  • leading

    (adj.)most important or prominent

  • leadky

    (adj.)[no standard meaning or recognized usage]

  • ledge

    (n.)horizontal rock or land projection

  • legendary

    (adj.)well-known or famous from stories

  • legible

    (adj.)clear enough to read easily

  • legislate

    (v.)enact or establish laws

  • legislature

    (n.)lawmaking body or assembly

  • lengthy

    (adj.)very long in duration

  • liberal

    (adj.)open to new ideas or tolerant

  • lifesaver

    (n.)person or thing saving life

  • linguistic

    (adj.)related to language or speech

  • literacy

    (n.)ability to read and write

  • litter

    (v.)rubbish or scattered waste

  • locality

    (n.)specific place or area

  • locomotive

    (n.)powered rail vehicle for transportation

  • lodge

    (v.)small house or inn

  • log

    (n.)record of activities or events

  • logic

    (n.)rational thinking or reasoning

  • logical

    (adj.)clear, reasonable, or sensible

  • longevity

    (n.)long duration of life

  • loosen

    (v.)make less tight or firm

  • lucrative

    (adj.)producing profit or wealth

  • lull

    (n.)calm or soothe temporarily

  • lumber

    (v.)timber or wood for building

  • luminosity

    (n.)brightness or light emission

  • lunar

    (adj.)related to the moon

  • lyricist

    (n.)person who writes song lyrics

  • magician

    (n.)someone who performs magic tricks

  • magnetize

    (v.)make magnetic or attract

  • magnetosphere

    (n.)earth's magnetic field area

  • mainspring

    (n.)main source of energy or motivation

  • maintenance

    (n.)upkeep or repair work

  • majesty

    (n.)grandeur or royal dignity

  • malleability

    (n.)ability to be shaped or molded

  • mandatory

    (adj.)required or compulsory

  • maneuver

    (n.)skillful movement or operation

  • manipulate

    (v.)handle or control skillfully

  • maritime

    (adj.)related to the sea or ships

  • marshy

    (adj.)swampy or waterlogged area

  • mason

    (n.)skilled worker in stone or brickwork

  • maverick

    (n.)independent-minded or rebellious person

  • media

    (n.)communication outlets or channels

  • mediator

    (n.)someone who mediates disputes

  • melodic

    (adj.)musical or tuneful

  • memo

    (n.)short written record or note

  • memorial

    (n.)remembrance or monument

  • merchandise

    (n.)goods for sale or trade

  • merchant

    (n.)person or business that sells goods

  • meretricious

    (adj.)gaudy or superficially attractive

  • metabolic

    (adj.)related to metabolism processes

  • metabolism

    (n.)chemical processes producing energy

  • microscope

    (n.)instrument for close viewing small objects

  • migrate

    (v.)move from one place to another

  • migration

    (n.)movement of people or animals

  • millionaire

    (n.)person with wealth over a million

  • miniature

    (n.)small or scaled-down version

  • miscellaneous

    (adj.)various kinds or mixed items

  • misconception

    (n.)incorrect or mistaken idea

  • mitigate

    (v.)make less severe or harmful

  • mobile

    (adj.)capable of moving or being moved

  • mobility

    (n.)ability to move or be moved easily

  • mockingbird

    (n.)bird known for mimicking sounds

  • moderate

    (v.)keep within reasonable limits

  • mold

    (v.)hollow container or shape; fungus

  • molecular

    (adj.)related to molecules or chemistry

  • molten

    (adj.)melted or liquefied

  • monetary

    (adj.)related to money or currency

  • monitor

    (v.)observe or check carefully

  • monumental

    (adj.)very important or massive

  • mortal

    (n.)subject to death or human existence

  • motion

    (n.)state of movement or action

  • motivate

    (v.)inspire or prompt to act

  • mouth

    (n.)opening of the face for speech/food

  • multiple

    (n.)many or various in number

  • multiply

    (v.)increase in number or amount

  • municipal

    (adj.)relating to a city or town

  • mushroom

    (v.)fungi with cap and stem

  • myriad

    (adj.)countless or extremely numerous

  • naval

    (adj.)related to ships or navy

  • needy

    (adj.)poor or lacking basic needs

  • neutralize

    (v.)render harmless or ineffective

  • nocturnal

    (adj.)active during the night

  • nonconformist

    (n.)rejects conventional practices

  • nonhuman

    (adj.)not human; animal or object

  • nontraditional

    (adj.)not based on tradition

  • nonviolence

    (n.)peaceful resistance or refusal to fight

  • notable

    (n.)worthy of notice or attention

  • note

    (v.)a brief written record or annotation

  • nourish

    (v.)provide with food or nutrients

  • nourishing

    (adj.)supplying essential nutrients

  • novel

    (n.)new or original

  • novelty

    (n.)something new or unique

  • nowadays

    (adv.)in the present time

  • nuclear

    (adj.)relating to atomic energy or nucleus

  • numerous

    (adj.)many; a large number

  • nutrient

    (n.)nutritional substance in food

  • nutritious

    (adj.)good for health; nourishing

  • objective

    (adj.)unbiased; not influenced by personal feelings

  • obligatory

    (adj.)mandatory; required by law or rules

  • obsess

    (v.)preoccupy or fill the mind excessively

  • obsolete

    (adj.)outdated; no longer in use

  • obstacle

    (n.)barrier that prevents progress

  • occasional

    (adj.)occurring infrequently

  • odd

    (adj.)strange or unusual

  • odds

    (n.)probability or likelihood

  • olfactory

    (adj.)relating to the sense of smell

  • ooze

    (v.)slowly flow or leak out

  • optical

    (adj.)relating to sight or light

  • optimal

    (adj.)most favorable; best

  • optimist

    (n.)person who expects the best

  • optimum

    (adj.)most advantageous condition

  • optional

    (adj.)not mandatory; voluntary

  • oratorio

    (n.)a large musical composition for voices and orchestra

  • orbit

    (n.)path of celestial body around a star

  • orchid

    (n.)a flowering plant with showy blooms

  • ore

    (n.)mineral from which metal is extracted

  • organism

    (n.)living creature with life functions

  • oriental

    (adj.)relating to east asia or eastern culture

  • original

    (adj.)first of its kind; innovative

  • originality

    (n.)uniqueness or innovation

  • outcry

    (n.)loud protest or expression of disapproval

  • outdated

    (adj.)no longer current or in fashion

  • outdoors

    (adv.)outside; in the open air

  • outlast

    (v.)last longer than another

  • outlook

    (n.)attitude or point of view

  • outmoded

    (adj.)old-fashioned; outdated

  • output

    (n.)production or amount produced

  • outrage

    (v.)strong anger or shock

  • overburden

    (v.)excessive load or pressure

  • overcharge

    (n.)charge more than due; excess fee

  • overdue

    (adj.)not paid or done on time

  • overestimate

    (v.)assess more than actual value

  • overlapping

    (adj.)partly covering each other

  • overload

    (v.)too much to handle or carry

  • oversight

    (n.)mistake or failure to notice

  • overt

    (adj.)done openly; not secret

  • oyster

    (n.)mollusk that produces pearls

  • pack

    (n.)wrap or box for carrying items

  • packaging

    (n.)materials used to contain or protect

  • pale

    (adj.)lacking color; light in shade

  • paleontologist

    (n.)scientist studying fossils

  • parade

    (n.)public procession or march

  • parallel

    (n.)equally distant lines or planes

  • paralysis

    (n.)loss of ability to move or feel

  • paralyze

    (v.)cause to become immobile

  • parapsychology

    (n.)study of paranormal phenomena

  • parasitic

    (adj.)living off host; dependent

  • participant

    (n.)person taking part in event

  • patent

    (adj.)exclusive legal right for invention

  • pathway

    (n.)route or track for passage

  • patriot

    (n.)loyal supporter of country

  • peck

    (v.)small amount or violent strike

  • pedagogic

    (adj.)related to teaching methods

  • pedagogical

    (adj.)pertaining to education or teaching

  • peer

    (n.)equal in age or status

  • penalty

    (n.)punishment for wrongdoing

  • pendant

    (n.)dangling decorative item

  • penetrate

    (v.)pierce or enter through

  • perfume

    (n.)fragrant liquid for scent

  • perimeter

    (n.)boundary around area

  • period

    (n.)duration of time or punctuation mark

  • periodical

    (n.)publication issued at intervals

  • peripheral

    (adj.)on the outer edge

  • perishable

    (adj.)likely to decay or spoil

  • permeable

    (adj.)allowing liquid or gas to pass through

  • perpetuate

    (v.)make lasting or permanent

  • perplexing

    (adj.)confusing or puzzling

  • perspiration

    (n.)sweat produced by body

  • pest

    (n.)unwanted insect or animal

  • pestilential

    (adj.)causing disease or harm

  • petal

    (n.)colored part of flower

  • petition

    (n.)formal written request

  • petrifaction

    (n.)conversion into stone

  • photograph

    (n.)image captured by camera

  • physical

    (adj.)relating to the body or material

  • physiological

    (adj.)relating to body functions

  • pierce

    (v.)make a hole or hole through

  • pioneer

    (v.)a person who begins or leads

  • pique

    (v.)stimulate interest or curiosity

  • pledge

    (n.)formal promise or commitment

  • plow

    (v.)farming tool for turning soil

  • pocketbook

    (n.)small bag for money or essentials

  • politics

    (n.)activities related to government and governance

  • pollute

    (v.)make dirty or contaminated

  • popular

    (adj.)widely liked or admired

  • popularity

    (n.)state of being well-liked

  • portable

    (adj.)easily carried or moved

  • portrait

    (n.)a painting or photo of a person

  • portraitist

    (n.)artist who draws or paints portraits

  • pose

    (v.)assumed position for photographs or art

  • possess

    (v.)owns or has something

  • postal

    (adj.)related to mail or postal services

  • postmaster

    (n.)person in charge of a post office

  • posture

    (n.)position of body or limbs

  • pot

    (n.)container for cooking or plants

  • potent

    (adj.)powerful or effective

  • potted

    (adj.)contain in a pot

  • precaution

    (n.)safety measure taken beforehand

  • precious

    (adj.)highly valuable or costly

  • precipitate

    (adj.)cause to happen suddenly

  • predatory

    (adj.)feeding on others for survival

  • predictability

    (n.)likelihood to be anticipated

  • prediction

    (n.)foretelling future events

  • predominant

    (adj.)belonging to authority or majority

  • predominantly

    (adv.)mostly or mainly

  • preeminent

    (adj.)supremely important or famous

  • preliminary

    (adj.)first or initial step

  • premium

    (n.)high-quality or extra cost

  • presidency

    (n.)term or office of a president

  • prevailing

    (adj.)most common or dominant

  • primary

    (adj.)main or most important

  • priority

    (n.)most urgent or important task

  • proceeds

    (n.)funds or profits obtained

  • prodigy

    (n.)extraordinary talent or achievement

  • profession

    (n.)career requiring specialized skills

  • profile

    (n.)outline or summary of a person or thing

  • progress

    (n.)advance or development

  • projection

    (n.)estimate or forecast

  • projectionist

    (n.)person operating a projector

  • projector

    (n.)device that projects images or movies

  • proliferation

    (n.)rapid increase or spread

  • prolific

    (adj.)highly productive or creative

  • prolong

    (v.)make something last longer

  • prominence

    (n.)importance or fame

  • promising

    (adj.)showing signs of success

  • promoter

    (n.)person who supports or advertises

  • prompt

    (v.)on time or quick to act

  • promulgate

    (v.)make widely known or accepted

  • proofread

    (v.)check for errors in text

  • propensity

    (n.)inclination or tendency

  • prophet

    (n.)person claiming divine insight

  • proponent

    (n.)supporter of an idea

  • proportion

    (n.)part relative to whole

  • propose

    (v.)suggest or put forward

  • proprietor

    (n.)owner of a business or property

  • propulsion

    (n.)driving forward motion

  • prospect

    (n.)likely future or opportunity

  • protagonist

    (n.)main character in story

  • prototype

    (n.)first model or example

  • provincialism

    (n.)limited outlook or perspective

  • purified

    (adj.)made pure or clean

  • purify

    (v.)remove impurities from

  • quaint

    (adj.)aged or charmingly old-fashioned

  • qualified

    (adj.)having necessary skills or credentials

  • quarter

    (n.)one-fourth of a whole

  • quench

    (v.)satisfy thirst or extinguish fire

  • quilt

    (v.)layered bed covering

  • quota

    (n.)set share or portion

  • quotation

    (n.)repeated words or prices

  • radar

    (n.)device to detect objects at a distance

  • ragtime

    (n.)style of lively music

  • rancher

    (n.)person who owns or works on a ranch

  • range

    (n.)span or extent between limits

  • rank

    (n.)position in a hierarchy or list

  • rarely

    (adv.)almost never happens

  • rattlesnake

    (n.)venomous snake with rattles

  • ray

    (n.)beam of light or fish with fins

  • rebel

    (n.)person who opposes authority

  • rebellion

    (n.)revolt against authority

  • receptive

    (adj.)open to new ideas or suggestions

  • receptor

    (n.)part that receives signals or stimuli

  • recipe

    (n.)set of instructions for cooking

  • recipient

    (n.)person receiving something

  • reclaim

    (v.)get back or recover

  • recognize

    (v.)identify or acknowledge

  • recollection

    (n.)memory of past events

  • recommendation

    (n.)suggestion for action or choice

  • recompose

    (v.)arrange again or differently

  • reconstruct

    (v.)build back or restore

  • recount

    (v.)tell or narrate a story

  • recreational

    (adj.)providing entertainment or relaxation

  • rectangular

    (n.)shape with four right angles

  • recur

    (v.)happen again or repeatedly

  • refine

    (v.)improve or perfect something

  • refrigerate

    (v.)cool or chill food or drinks

  • refrigerator

    (n.)appliance used to keep food cold

  • rehearse

    (v.)practice for a performance

  • reimburse

    (v.)repay or refund costs

  • rejuvenate

    (v.)make youthful or refreshed

  • relax

    (v.)rest and become less tense

  • relay

    (n.)pass on or transmit

  • relevance

    (n.)importance to the matter

  • relevant

    (adj.)closely connected or appropriate

  • religion

    (n.)belief system involving spiritual faith or practices

  • religious

    (adj.)pertaining to religion or faith

  • remark

    (v.)comment or statement

  • remind

    (v.)to prompt memory of something

  • reminder

    (n.)prompt to remember something

  • rent

    (n.)payment for temporary use of property

  • repertoire

    (n.)collected works or skills

  • representative

    (n.)person acting on behalf of others

  • repress

    (v.)to restrain or suppress feelings

  • reproductive

    (adj.)relating to reproduction or procreation

  • resemblance

    (n.)similarity in appearance or characteristics

  • residence

    (n.)place where someone lives

  • residential

    (adj.)relating to where people live

  • resolve

    (v.)to make a firm decision; solve

  • resource

    (n.)source of help or supply

  • responsive

    (adj.)reacting quickly and positively

  • restraint

    (n.)restriction or control

  • restrictive

    (adj.)limiting or confining

  • retire

    (v.)to withdraw from work or active life

  • retirement

    (n.)period of leaving work permanently

  • retool

    (v.)to adapt tools or equipment

  • retreat

    (n.)to withdraw or move back

  • retrieve

    (v.)to get back or regain

  • retrospective

    (adj.)looking back at past events

  • reveal

    (v.)to disclose or make known

  • reverse

    (v.)to move backward or invert

  • revision

    (n.)updated or corrected version

  • revitalization

    (n.)restoring vitality or energy

  • revolt

    (v.)uprising or rebellion

  • revolutionary

    (adj.)innovative or rebellious

  • rhythm

    (n.)repeated pattern of sounds

  • rhythmic

    (adj.)having a regular beat

  • ridge

    (n.)narrow raised edge or crest

  • ridicule

    (n.)mock or make fun of

  • ripe

    (adj.)fully matured or ready

  • ritual

    (n.)ceremonial act or tradition

  • role

    (n.)function or position

  • rotate

    (v.)to turn around an axis

  • rote

    (n.)mechanical or habitual repetition

  • rough

    (adj.)uneven or coarse surface

  • rub

    (v.)to press and move against

  • rudimentary

    (adj.)basic or undeveloped

  • rumble

    (n.)deep, continuous sound

  • sac

    (n.)religious or sacred object

  • saddle

    (v.)supporting seat for rider

  • sake

    (n.)purpose or benefit

  • salient

    (adj.)clearly noticeable or important

  • salinity

    (n.)amount of salt in water

  • saliva

    (n.)liquid produced in the mouth

  • saltiness

    (n.)taste of salt

  • sanctuary

    (n.)sacred or safe place

  • sandy

    (adj.)covered with or consisting of sand

  • satiric

    (adj.)humorously critical

  • scan

    (v.)to examine rapidly

  • scarce

    (adj.)hard to find or rare

  • scenic

    (adj.)providing beautiful views

  • schedule

    (n.)plan of activities or events

  • scholar

    (n.)someone learned in a subject

  • scope

    (n.)range or extent of something

  • scotch

    (v.)to put an end to; to crush

  • scrap

    (n.)small piece or fragment

  • sculptural

    (adj.)related to sculpture art

  • seasonal

    (adj.)occurring season by season

  • seaweed

    (n.)marine plant, edible or not

  • secondary

    (adj.)less important or subsequent

  • section

    (n.)part of a larger whole

  • sector

    (n.)division or part of an area

  • security

    (n.)protection against danger

  • seismograph

    (n.)detects ground shaking

  • sensibility

    (n.)capacity to perceive or feel

  • sensory

    (adj.)relating to senses

  • sentimentalize

    (v.)to imbue with feelings

  • sharpen

    (v.)to make sharper

  • sheath

    (n.)protective covering

  • shellfish

    (n.)aquatic animals with shells

  • sheltered

    (adj.)protected from harm

  • shield

    (n.)protective device or cover

  • shift

    (n.)to move or change position

  • shifting

    (adj.)moving from place to place

  • shiny

    (adj.)reflects light; bright

  • shot

    (n.)fired projectile; attempt

  • shrinkage

    (n.)reduction in size

  • shuttle

    (n.)vehicle moving back and forth

  • significance

    (n.)importance or meaning

  • silt

    (v.)fine soil carried by water

  • silversmith

    (n.)jeweler working with silver

  • simulate

    (v.)to imitate or replicate

  • skeptical

    (adj.)doubting or questioning

  • skimp

    (v.)to handle carelessly or frugally

  • slime

    (n.)sticky or gooey substance

  • slip

    (v.)to slide unintentionally

  • slipper

    (n.)light, open shoe

  • smoothly

    (adv.)without difficulty or bumps

  • snap

    (v.)to break suddenly; quick sound

  • snippet

    (n.)small piece or extract

  • solar

    (adj.)relating to the sun

  • soldier

    (n.)member of the armed forces

  • solely

    (adv.)exclusively; only

  • solicitor

    (n.)legal representative or advocate

  • solution

    (n.)answer to a problem

  • somewhat

    (adv.)to some extent; slightly

  • sovereign

    (n.)supreme ruler or authority

  • sow

    (v.)plant seeds in the ground

  • soy

    (n.)leguminous plant for soybeans

  • soybean

    (n.)edible bean from the soy plant

  • spanking

    (adj.)striking with open hand

  • sparse

    (adj.)thinly dispersed or scattered

  • specimen

    (n.)sample or individual for study

  • speck

    (n.)small spot or tiny mark

  • spectator

    (n.)observer of an event

  • spherical

    (adj.)shaped like a sphere

  • spill

    (v.)pour out liquid accidentally

  • spinal

    (adj.)relating to the spine

  • spiny

    (adj.)covered with thorns or spikes

  • spiritual

    (adj.)relating to spirit or religion

  • splendor

    (n.)magnificent appearance or grandeur

  • spoilage

    (n.)decay or decomposition

  • spot

    (n.)small mark or area

  • squash

    (v.)press to crush or flatten

  • stable

    (adj.)unchanging or steady

  • staff

    (n.)group of employees or support rod

  • staggering

    (adj.)astonishing or overwhelming

  • stagnant

    (adj.)not flowing or moving

  • stamina

    (n.)endurance or energy

  • standardize

    (v.)make uniform or consistent

  • staple

    (n.)main or essential item

  • stash

    (n.)hidden store or cache

  • stately

    (adj.)having dignity or grandeur

  • stationery

    (n.)writing materials and supplies

  • status

    (n.)social or professional position

  • stellar

    (adj.)related to stars; outstanding

  • stem

    (n.)main stalk of a plant

  • stiff

    (adj.)rigid or difficult to bend

  • stilt

    (n.)supporting post or pole

  • sting

    (v.)sharp point that causes pain

  • stipulation

    (n.)specific condition or requirement

  • straightforward

    (adj.)simple and honest

  • strain

    (v.)force causing deformation or stress

  • strengthen

    (v.)make stronger or more powerful

  • string

    (n.)thin cord or thread

  • stumble

    (v.)trip or lose balance

  • submit

    (v.)accept or yield to authority

  • substantially

    (adv.)significantly or considerably

  • substitute

    (n.)replace with another

  • subtraction

    (n.)mathematical removal or deduction

  • suburb

    (n.)residential area outside city center

  • sue

    (v.)bring a lawsuit against someone

  • suit

    (v.)set of clothing; legal case

  • suitcase

    (n.)carryall for personal belongings

  • suited

    (adj.)appropriate or fitting

  • sumptuous

    (adj.)luxurious or lavish

  • sunburn

    (n.)damage caused by overexposure to sun

  • sunflower

    (n.)large yellow-flowered plant

  • sunlight

    (n.)natural light from the sun

  • sunlit

    (adj.)illuminated by the sun

  • sunshine

    (n.)sunlight, bright daylight

  • superior

    (adj.)higher in rank or quality

  • supernatural

    (adj.)beyond scientific understanding

  • supervision

    (n.)overseeing or management

  • suppress

    (v.)stop or restrain

  • supreme

    (adj.)highest in authority or quality

  • surge

    (n.)sudden powerful increase

  • surgeon

    (n.)medical doctor specializing in surgery

  • surgery

    (n.)medical operation or procedure

  • surmount

    (v.)overcome or rise above

  • surpassingly

    (adv.)exceptionally or extremely

  • survey

    (n.)careful examination or review

  • survivor

    (n.)one who lives through an event

  • suspicion

    (n.)doubt or mistrust

  • suspicious

    (adj.)inclined to mistrust

  • swamp

    (n.)wetland with water-logged ground

  • swarm

    (v.)large group moving together

  • sweep

    (n.)clean by brushing or brushing away

  • swift

    (adj.)fast or quick

  • symbolism

    (n.)use of symbols to represent ideas

  • symmetrical

    (adj.)balanced in shape or form

  • system

    (n.)set of connected parts functioning together

  • systematic

    (adj.)methodical and organized

  • tailor

    (n.)make or alter clothing

  • tarnish

    (v.)damage or discoloration surface

  • teapot

    (n.)container for brewing tea

  • temper

    (v.)state of mood or anger

  • temporary

    (adj.)lasting for a limited time

  • tenant

    (n.)person who rents property

  • tend

    (v.)care for or hold or extend

  • tender

    (v.)soft or gentle; offer formally

  • terrain

    (n.)area of land with specific features

  • thaw

    (v.)melt or become unfrozen

  • theist

    (n.)believer in god

  • theoretical

    (adj.)based on theory rather than practice

  • thermal

    (adj.)relating to heat

  • thesis

    (n.)main idea or argument

  • thigh

    (n.)part of leg between hip and knee

  • thorny

    (adj.)covered with thorns

  • threaten

    (v.)indicate potential harm

  • thrive

    (v.)grow vigorously or prosper

  • thrust

    (n.)push suddenly or forcefully

  • tide

    (n.)alternating rise and fall of sea

  • tip

    (n.)end or pointed part

  • toe

    (n.)digit of the foot

  • topography

    (n.)land features of an area

  • tortuous

    (adj.)winding or twisting path

  • touched

    (adj.)made contact or felt slight emotional impact

  • touching

    (adj.)causing deep emotion or sympathy

  • toxic

    (adj.)poisonous or harmful to health

  • tract

    (n.)a large area of land

  • trail

    (n.)a path or track left by moving objects or animals

  • trainload

    (n.)the amount a train can carry

  • trait

    (n.)a characteristic or feature of someone or something

  • translucent

    (adj.)allowing light but not detailed images through

  • trapper

    (n.)person who captures or traps animals

  • trend

    (n.)general direction or tendency in behavior

  • tribal

    (adj.)relating to tribes or tribal societies

  • tribute

    (n.)an act or gift that shows respect or admiration

  • tropical

    (adj.)pertaining to the tropics or warm climates

  • troupe

    (n.)a group of performers or entertainers

  • trumpeter

    (n.)someone who plays the trumpet

  • tunnel

    (n.)an underground passage or corridor

  • tutor

    (n.)a person who teaches or instructs privately

  • unadorned

    (adj.)plain; not decorated

  • uncharted

    (adj.)not mapped or explored

  • unconventional

    (adj.)not based on or conforming to tradition

  • unconvincing

    (adj.)not believable or persuasive

  • underestimate

    (v.)to assess as less than actual value

  • underlying

    (adj.)fundamental; hidden beneath

  • undeserved

    (adj.)not deserving or worthy

  • undisturbed

    (adj.)not disturbed; peaceful

  • unexplored

    (adj.)not examined or investigated

  • unfavorable

    (adj.)not beneficial or positive

  • unfertilized

    (adj.)not provided with nutrients

  • unparalleled

    (adj.)without equal; unique

  • unpredictable

    (adj.)not able to be foreseen

  • unquestioning

    (adj.)without doubt or skepticism

  • unsatisfactory

    (adj.)not meeting expectations

  • unseasonably

    (adv.)occurring at the wrong time

  • unsophisticated

    (adj.)not complex or refined

  • unspoiled

    (adj.)not damaged or corrupted

  • untapped

    (adj.)not utilized or exploited

  • uproot

    (v.)to remove by pulling from roots

  • urban

    (adj.)relating to a city

  • urbanize

    (v.)to make more city-like

  • urgency

    (n.)need for immediate action

  • urgent

    (adj.)requiring quick attention

  • utilitarian

    (adj.)focused on practical function

  • utilize

    (v.)to make practical use of

  • vaccinate

    (v.)to inoculate against disease

  • valid

    (adj.)legally or logically acceptable

  • validity

    (n.)the quality of being logically sound

  • vaporization

    (n.)conversion into vapor or gas

  • variable

    (adj.)capable of changing

  • varnish

    (n.)a glossy coating or finish

  • vegetation

    (n.)plants collectively; green growth

  • velocity

    (n.)speed in a given direction

  • venom

    (n.)toxic substance produced by animals

  • venomous

    (adj.)capable of injecting venom

  • venture

    (v.)a risky or daring journey or project

  • verbal

    (adj.)relating to words or speech

  • veto

    (n.)the right to reject or prohibit

  • viable

    (adj.)capable of working successfully

  • vicinity

    (n.)area near or surrounding a location

  • violence

    (n.)behavior involving physical force

  • viral

    (adj.)related to viruses or quickly spreading

  • visionary

    (adj.)having creative or future-focused ideas

  • vocational

    (adj.)related to a profession or occupation

  • volunteer

    (n.)person who offers services freely

  • voracious

    (adj.)having a huge appetite or eagerness

  • vote

    (n.)to express preference in elections

  • wade

    (v.)to walk through water or soft ground

  • waist

    (n.)part of the body between ribs and hips

  • watercourse

    (n.)natural or artificial river or channel

  • waxy

    (adj.)having the texture or appearance of wax

  • weave

    (n.)to interlace threads into fabric

  • wed

    (v.)to marry or become joined

  • wedding

    (n.)ceremony of marriage

  • weird

    (adj.)unusual or supernatural appearance

  • whip

    (v.)a flexible implement for striking

  • whittle

    (v.)to carve or cut into wood

  • wingspan

    (n.)distance from one wingtip to the other

  • woolen

    (adj.)made of wool fabric

  • wright

    (n.)a maker or builder (e.g., shipwright)

  • wrist

    (n.)part of the arm connecting hand and forearm

  • yolk

    (n.)the yellow part of an egg

  • zeal

    (n.)enthusiastic energy or dedication

  • zenith

    (n.)highest point; peak

  • zone

    (n.)an area with common features