TOEFL 5000 Vocabulary Volume 2

Classify by Letter Classify by Lesson Start Quiz

  • abbreviate

    (v.) shorten or condense into a shorter form

  • aboard

    (adv.) on or in a vehicle or ship

  • absentee

    (n.) person who is absent

  • absolute

    (adj.) complete, total; not relative

  • absorption

    (n.) process of taking in or soaking up

  • absurd

    (adj.) ridiculous or unreasonable

  • abundant

    (adj.) existing in large quantities; plentiful

  • abuse

    (n.) mistreatment or misuse

  • academic

    (adj.) related to education or scholarly pursuits

  • accelerate

    (v.) increase in speed or progress

  • account

    (n.) record of financial transactions; explanation

  • accountant

    (n.) professional who manages financial records

  • accumulate

    (v.) gather or collect over time

  • accuracy

    (n.) precision or correctness of something

  • acidity

    (n.) level of acid; sourness

  • acquaintance

    (n.) familiarity with someone or something

  • activate

    (v.) make active or start functioning

  • actuate

    (v.) to put into action or motion

  • acumen

    (n.) quickness and accuracy of judgment

  • acute

    (adj.) harp or severe; sharp or pointed

  • adapt

    (v.) modify for a new purpose

  • adaptation

    (n.) process of adjusting or changing

  • adjoining

    (adj.) next to or connected with

  • adjustment

    (n.) small change or correction

  • administration

    (n.) managing or governing an organization

  • administrator

    (n.) person who manages operations

  • admire

    (v.) respect or think highly of

  • advancement

    (n.) progress or promotion

  • adventurer

    (n.) person who seeks exciting experiences

  • adversely

    (adv.) in a harmful or unfavorable way

  • advocate

    (n.) support or recommend publicly

  • affinity

    (n.) natural liking or attraction

  • afflict

    (v.) cause pain or suffering

  • afford

    (v.) be able to pay for or supply

  • agile

    (adj.) hip, quick, and flexible

  • agility

    (n.) ability to move quickly and easily

  • agreeable

    (adj.) pleasant or nice to be with

  • agriculture

    (n.) farming; cultivation of land

  • aim

    (n.) goal or target to achieve

  • airsickness

    (n.) nausea caused by altitude or flight

  • akin

    (adj.) similar or related to

  • alchemy

    (n.) medieval practice of turning base metals into gold

  • alder

    (n.) a type of tree or shrub

  • alloy

    (n.) mixture of two or more metals

  • allude

    (v.) mention indirectly or casually

  • alter

    (v.) make a change to something

  • alternate

    (v.) take turns or follow one after another

  • alternative

    (n.) another choice or option

  • amateur

    (n.) someone who engages without pay; beginner

  • ambience

    (n.) mood or atmosphere of a place

  • ambivalent

    (adj.) holding mixed feelings or doubts

  • amble

    (n.) walk slowly and leisurely

  • amenity

    (n.) comfort or convenience; pleasing feature

  • amnesia

    (n.) memory loss condition

  • amount

    (n.) total sum or quantity

  • ample

    (adj.) more than enough in size or extent

  • anarchist

    (n.) person advocating chaos or absence of government

  • announcer

    (n.) person who publicly announces

  • annual

    (adj.) happening once every year

  • antiquate

    (v.) make outdated or old-fashioned

  • antique

    (adj.) old and collectible object

  • apology

    (n.) expression of sorry or regret

  • appreciation

    (n.) recognition of worth or quality

  • apt

    (adj.) suitable or appropriate

  • arbitrary

    (adj.) based on random choice or personal whim

  • archaeological

    (adj.) relating to ancient artifacts or sites

  • architectural

    (adj.) pertaining to building design and structure

  • arena

    (n.) an enclosed area for sports or entertainment

  • aria

    (n.) expressive melody sung alone in opera

  • armored

    (adj.) protected by armor or a shell

  • arrange

    (v.) organize or set in order

  • artificial

    (adj.) made or produced by humans; not natural

  • artisan

    (n.) skilled craftsperson or artist

  • assemble

    (v.) bring parts together to form a whole

  • asset

    (n.) useful or valuable thing or person

  • associate

    (v.) connect or link; partner or colleague

  • astonishing

    (adj.) causing surprise or amazement

  • atheist

    (n.) person who disbelieves or lacks belief in gods

  • atomic

    (adj.) relating to atoms; tiny or indivisible

  • attack

    (n.) aggressive act to harm or defeat

  • attribute

    (v.) characteristic or quality of someone or something

  • audible

    (adj.) able to be heard

  • audition

    (v.) tryout for a role or performance

  • augment

    (v.) increase or make larger

  • authentic

    (adj.) genuine, real, or true

  • authenticate

    (v.) prove as genuine or valid

  • automated

    (adj.) operated by machines or computers

  • automatic

    (adj.) working by itself without human intervention

  • automotive

    (adj.) related to cars or vehicles

  • avert

    (v.) turn away or prevent something undesirable

  • avocation

    (n.) minor occupation or hobby outside main job

  • awareness

    (n.) knowledge or perception of a situation

  • babysitter

    (n.) person who looks after children temporarily

  • baggage

    (n.) suitcases and bags used for traveling

  • balmy

    (adj.) mild, warm, and soothing

  • ban

    (n.) officially prohibit or outlaw

  • band

    (n.) group of musicians or a ring-shaped object

  • banker

    (n.) person who manages banking or finance

  • bankrupt

    (adj.) unable to pay debts; financially ruined

  • bare

    (adj.) without covering or clothing

  • barrier

    (n.) obstacle that prevents movement or progress

  • bead

    (n.) a small decorative object with a hole for stringing

  • beak

    (n.) hard pointed mouth of bird

  • beam

    (n.) radiant line of light or energy; support structure

  • behave

    (v.) to act in a certain manner

  • behavior

    (n.) actions or conduct of someone or something

  • beneath

    (adv.) below or under

  • besides

    (adv.) in addition to; apart from

  • beverage

    (n.) a drink, especially alcohol or soft drink

  • bias

    (n.) prejudice in favor or against something

  • biographer

    (n.) a person who writes someone's life story

  • blacksmith

    (n.) worker who makes or repairs metal objects

  • blaze

    (v.) bright flame or fire

  • blazing

    (adj.) very hot or bright

  • bleach

    (v.) to whiten or remove color from

  • blemish

    (v.) imperfection or flaw

  • blessing

    (n.) good wishes or divine favor

  • bluff

    (n.) a steep cliff; to deceive or mislead

  • boardinghouse

    (n.) lodging house offering meals

  • bolster

    (n.) to support or reinforce

  • bond

    (n.) a strong connection or link

  • boost

    (v.) to increase or improve

  • brain

    (n.) organ of thought and intelligence

  • breathless

    (adj.) unable to breathe normally

  • breed

    (v.) to reproduce; a specific type of animal

  • breeze

    (n.) light wind

  • brighten

    (v.) to make brighter or happier

  • briskness

    (n.) liveliness or quickness

  • broadcast

    (n.) to transmit over the airwaves

  • brochure

    (n.) small booklet or pamphlet

  • brown

    (adj.) color resembling soil or chocolate

  • bulk

    (n.) large size or mass

  • bulky

    (adj.) very large and difficult to handle

  • bundle

    (n.) group of things tied together

  • burdensome

    (adj.) difficult or oppressing to carry or endure

  • bush

    (n.) shrub or small plant

  • bust

    (n.) complete failure

  • bustle

    (v.) to move energetically

  • butter

    (n.) dairy product made from churning cream

  • cadaverous

    (adj.) resembling a corpse; very pale

  • calculation

    (n.) mathematical operation or estimate

  • candidate

    (n.) person running for a position

  • cannibalism

    (n.) eating human flesh

  • capability

    (n.) ability or competence

  • capacity

    (n.) maximum amount something can contain

  • capillary

    (n.) small blood vessel

  • captivity

    (n.) being confined or imprisoned

  • cardiac

    (adj.) relating to the heart

  • careerism

    (n.) self-centered pursuit of professional advancement

  • careless

    (adj.) lacking attention or caution

  • carver

    (n.) person who cuts or shapes wood or stone

  • cast

    (v.) to throw or shape by pouring; actors in a play

  • celebrate

    (v.) to honor or observe with festivities

  • celebrity

    (n.) famous person

  • celestial

    (adj.) relating to the sky or heavens

  • cell

    (n.) smallest unit of living organism

  • census

    (n.) official population count

  • centenary

    (adj.) one hundredth anniversary

  • centigrade

    (adj.) temperature scale; celsius

  • champion

    (v.) winner or advocate

  • chapel

    (n.) small place of worship

  • character

    (n.) distinctive qualities or traits

  • charter

    (v.) formal document granting rights

  • chaste

    (adj.) morally pure or modest

  • chisel

    (n.) tool for carving or cutting

  • choreograph

    (v.) to design dance movements

  • chubby

    (adj.) fat and rounded

  • chunk

    (n.) thick piece of something

  • circulate

    (v.) to move around or pass from person to person

  • circumference

    (n.) circular boundary of a circle

  • circumscribe

    (v.) to draw around; limit

  • cite

    (v.) to quote or mention officially

  • civilian

    (adj.) non-military person

  • clamor

    (n.) loud noise or shouting

  • clarification

    (n.) clear explanation or making clear

  • clarify

    (v.) to make clear or understandable

  • classify

    (v.) to arrange into categories

  • climatic

    (adj.) related to climate or weather

  • clinical

    (adj.) related to treatment or medicine

  • cluster

    (n.) group of similar things gathered

  • coalition

    (n.) an alliance for some purpose

  • coax

    (v.) to persuade gently

  • coherence

    (n.) clearness or logical connection

  • coin

    (v.) small metal piece used as currency

  • coincide

    (v.) to occur at the same time or place

  • colloquial

    (adj.) informal spoken language

  • colonial

    (adj.) relating to colonies or colonization

  • colossal

    (adj.) very large or great

  • cometary

    (adj.) relating to comets

  • commercial

    (adj.) related to business or trade

  • commercialize

    (v.) to turn into a business venture

  • commitment

    (n.) a pledge or firm dedication

  • commonplace

    (adj.) ordinary or unremarkable

  • commute

    (v.) to travel regularly between home and work

  • compact

    (adj.) small and tightly packed; agreement

  • compensate

    (v.) to make up for something

  • competence

    (n.) ability to do something effectively

  • competitor

    (n.) one who competes against others

  • compile

    (v.) to gather and assemble

  • complain

    (v.) to express dissatisfaction

  • complex

    (adj.) consisting of interconnected parts

  • complicity

    (n.) involvement in wrongdoing

  • compliment

    (n.) expression of praise or admiration

  • composition

    (n.) writings or music created by an artist

  • compress

    (v.) to squeeze or press together tightly

  • compulsory

    (adj.) required by law or rule

  • compute

    (v.) to calculate or reckon accurately

  • concert

    (n.) live music performance for an audience

  • concerted

    (adj.) done together with coordinated effort

  • condenser

    (n.) device that condenses vapor into liquid

  • conditioning

    (n.) process of improving or stabilizing

  • conference

    (n.) formal meeting for discussion

  • confession

    (n.) acknowledgment of guilt or wrong

  • confine

    (v.) to limit or restrict within boundaries

  • conflicting

    (adj.) in disagreement or opposition

  • confusion

    (n.) lack of clarity or understanding

  • congenital

    (adj.) existing at birth

  • congestion

    (n.) accumulation of fluid or traffic

  • congress

    (n.) formal assembly of representatives

  • congressional

    (adj.) relating to a legislative body

  • congressman

    (n.) member of a legislative congress

  • connection

    (n.) link or relationship between things

  • conscience

    (n.) inner sense of right and wrong

  • consciously

    (adv.) aware of and intentionally doing something

  • conservation

    (n.) protection and preservation of resources

  • conservationist

    (n.) person advocating resource preservation

  • considerable

    (adj.) worthy of attention; substantial

  • conspicuous

    (adj.) easily noticeable or obvious

  • conspiracy

    (n.) secret plan to commit a wrongful act

  • constitute

    (v.) to make up or form

  • constitutional

    (adj.) relating to a country's constitution

  • constrict

    (v.) to make smaller or tighter

  • consume

    (v.) to eat, drink, or use up

  • consumer

    (n.) one who purchases or uses goods

  • contamination

    (n.) presence of harmful substances

  • contemplate

    (v.) to think deeply or consider

  • contemporary

    (adj.) living or occurring in the same time

  • continent

    (n.) large landmass on earth's surface

  • continuation

    (n.) the act of ongoing or prolonging

  • continuity

    (n.) uninterrupted connection or flow

  • contractor

    (n.) person or company hired for projects

  • contradictory

    (adj.) logically inconsistent or opposed

  • contrary

    (adj.) opposite in nature or direction

  • convincing

    (adj.) persuasive or believable

  • cooperation

    (n.) working together for a goal

  • coordinated

    (adj.) ordered, organized, or harmonized

  • coordination

    (n.) process of organizing different elements

  • core

    (n.) central part of something

  • correlate

    (v.) to have a mutual relationship

  • correspondence

    (n.) communication by letter or email

  • cosmic

    (adj.) pertaining to the universe

  • counselor

    (n.) provided guidance or advice

  • counteract

    (v.) to act against or neutralize

  • counterbalance

    (v.) to offset or stabilize weight

  • courier

    (n.) person who delivers packages

  • courteous

    (adj.) polite and respectful

  • courtly

    (adj.) elegant or refined in manners

  • cover

    (v.) to place over or upon

  • craft

    (v.) skill in making things

  • cram

    (v.) to stuff or pack tightly

  • crawl

    (v.) to move on hands and knees

  • creep

    (v.) to move stealthily or slowly

  • crisscross

    (v.) to intersect or cross repeatedly

  • crude

    (adj.) unrefined or raw

  • crust

    (n.) earth's outer layer or bread's outer layer

  • crustacean

    (n.) aquatic arthropod like crab or lobster

  • crystal

    (n.) transparent mineral or glass

  • culinary

    (adj.) relating to cooking or kitchens

  • culminate

    (v.) to reach highest point or final stage

  • cultivation

    (n.) act of growing or improving crops

  • curator

    (n.) person in charge of a museum

  • currency

    (n.) system of money used in a country

  • currently

    (adv.) at the present moment

  • cushion

    (v.) padded object for comfort or protection

  • customer

    (n.) person who purchases goods or services

  • customs

    (n.) duties on imports or regulations

  • cuticle

    (n.) skin at the base of a fingernail

  • dampen

    (v.) to make slightly wet or less strong

  • date

    (v.) specific day or point in time

  • dated

    (adj.) old-fashioned or out of current style

  • deal

    (n.) an agreement or transaction

  • debt

    (n.) money owed

  • deceptive

    (adj.) misleading or dishonest

  • decimal

    (adj.) number based on tenths or hundredths

  • decorative

    (adj.) designed to look attractive

  • decrease

    (v.) to become smaller or less

  • defective

    (adj.) having faults or flaws

  • defense

    (n.) protection against attack or danger

  • defrost

    (v.) to remove frost or ice

  • deft

    (adj.) skilled and quick in movement

  • degrade

    (v.) to lower in quality or dignity

  • dehydration

    (n.) excessive loss of body fluids

  • delay

    (n.) to postpone or hold back

  • delirium

    (n.) state of mental confusion

  • demagnetize

    (v.) to remove magnetic properties

  • demolish

    (v.) to destroy completely

  • demonstration

    (n.) public display or explanation

  • dental

    (adj.) relating to teeth or dentistry

  • dependent

    (n.) relying on or needing support

  • depredation

    (n.) act of attacking or plundering

  • depress

    (v.) to move downward or make sad

  • depression

    (n.) period of economic decline or emotional low

  • deprivation

    (n.) lack of essential needs or comforts

  • derive

    (v.) obtain from a source or origin

  • descend

    (v.) move downward or go back in family line

  • descendant

    (n.) person related to an ancestor

  • designate

    (v.) officially name or point out

  • dialogue

    (n.) conversation between two or more people

  • diameter

    (n.) straight line passing through circle's center

  • dictate

    (v.) give orders or prescribe authority

  • diction

    (n.) choice and use of words and style

  • diet

    (n.) food intake for health or weight

  • dieter

    (n.) person who controls food intake

  • digestive

    (adj.) related to breaking down food

  • dignity

    (n.) sense of self-respect or worth

  • dilemma

    (n.) difficult choice between two unfavorable options

  • dimension

    (n.) measure of size or extent

  • disagreeable

    (adj.) causing discomfort or displeasure

  • discerning

    (adj.) showing good judgment or insight

  • discharge

    (v.) official release or streaming out

  • disinterested

    (adj.) unbiased or impartial

  • disperse

    (v.) scatter or spread widely

  • disposed

    (adj.) inclined or willing toward

  • disposition

    (n.) natural mental or emotional attitude

  • dissenter

    (n.) person who opposes accepted ideas

  • dissolve

    (v.) mix or break into liquid; end a formal process

  • distinguished

    (adj.) famous or notable; showing excellence

  • distortion

    (n.) misrepresentation or alteration

  • dive

    (v.) jump headfirst into water

  • diver

    (n.) person who swims underwater

  • diversity

    (n.) variety or range of different things

  • dizziness

    (n.) feeling of spinning or unsteadiness

  • docile

    (adj.) easy to train or manage

  • doctrine

    (n.) official teaching or belief

  • document

    (v.) written or printed record

  • dominant

    (adj.) most important or powerful

  • dominate

    (v.) control or oversee completely

  • dorsal

    (adj.) related to the back side of an organism

  • drag

    (v.) pull or exert force backwards

  • drama

    (n.) play or story with emotional content

  • drastic

    (adj.) extreme or severe in effect

  • drip

    (n.) small drop of liquid

  • dripstone

    (n.) mineral deposit from dripping water

  • due

    (adj.) expected or owed at a certain time

  • dumb

    (adj.) lacking speech or intelligence

  • duration

    (n.) length of time something lasts

  • earthquake

    (n.) sudden shaking of the ground

  • eccentricity

    (n.) unusual or quirky behavior

  • ecological

    (adj.) related to environment or ecosystems

  • edge

    (n.) boundary or border of something

  • education

    (n.) process of acquiring knowledge

  • eject

    (v.) push out or throw away forcibly

  • elaborate

    (adj.) explain in detail with complexity

  • electromagnetic

    (adj.) related to electric and magnetic fields

  • elegance

    (n.) graceful and stylish appearance

  • elegant

    (adj.) tastefully beautiful or refined

  • elevate

    (v.) raise to a higher position

  • elevator

    (n.) machine to move people vertically

  • eligible

    (adj.) meeting requirements for something

  • elongate

    (v.) make longer in size or shape

  • emission

    (n.) release of substances or energy

  • enactment

    (n.) act of passing legislation

  • enclosure

    (n.) fenced or enclosed area

  • endurance

    (n.) ability to withstand hardship

  • engraving

    (n.) carving or inscribing designs

  • enhance

    (v.) improve or intensify quality

  • enrich

    (v.) make richer or more valuable

  • entertainer

    (n.) person who amuses an audience

  • entity

    (n.) independent existence or being

  • entrepreneur

    (n.) person who starts businesses

  • envision

    (v.) imagine or picture mentally

  • epic

    (n.) long heroic story or poem

  • epidemic

    (n.) widespread outbreak of disease

  • epidermis

    (n.) outer skin layer of body

  • epoch

    (n.) significant period in history

  • equality

    (n.) state of being equal or fair

  • equestrian

    (n.) related to horse riding

  • equilibrium

    (n.) state of balance or stability

  • equitable

    (adj.) fair and impartial

  • erratic

    (adj.) unpredictable or inconsistent

  • eruption

    (n.) sudden explosion or outburst

  • essential

    (adj.) absolutely necessary or important

  • ethics

    (n.) moral principles guiding behavior

  • ethnic

    (adj.) relating to a particular cultural group

  • etiquette

    (n.) proper manners and conduct

  • evaporation

    (n.) conversion of liquid to vapor

  • evergreen

    (adj.) plants that stay green year-round

  • evident

    (adj.) clearly visible or understood

  • evolutionary

    (adj.) related to gradual development

  • exact

    (adj.) precise or accurate

  • exacting

    (adj.) requiring high standards or effort

  • exaggerate

    (v.) overstate or stretch the truth

  • exclusion

    (n.) act of leaving out or removing

  • exclusive

    (adj.) restricted to a particular group

  • execute

    (v.) carry out or perform a task

  • executive

    (n.) person with decision-making power

  • exempt

    (adj.) free from obligation or duty

  • exemption

    (n.) official release from duty

  • exit

    (n.) way out or departure point

  • expanse

    (n.) wide continuous area

  • expel

    (v.) force to leave or eject

  • expenditure

    (n.) spending of money or resources

  • explicit

    (adj.) fully and clearly expressed

  • exploit

    (v.) use for personal gain or benefit

  • exponential

    (adj.) increasing rapidly at an accelerating rate

  • expressly

    (adv.) clearly or explicitly stated

  • extend

    (v.) make longer or larger

  • exterior

    (n.) outer surface or part of something

  • extinct

    (adj.) no longer existing or living

  • extol

    (v.) praise highly

  • extract

    (n.) remove or obtain by effort

  • factual

    (adj.) based on facts

  • faithful

    (adj.) loyal and reliable

  • favored

    (adj.) preferred or privileged

  • feeder

    (n.) device or person supplying food

  • feminism

    (n.) advocacy for women's rights

  • festive

    (adj.) relating to celebration or holidays

  • feverish

    (adj.) showing symptoms of fever or excitement

  • finance

    (v.) management of money or funds

  • finesse

    (n.) skillful handling or delicacy

  • fireproof

    (adj.) resistant to catching fire

  • flair

    (n.) natural talent or aptitude

  • flexibility

    (n.) ability to bend easily

  • flexible

    (adj.) capable of bending without breaking

  • flint

    (n.) hard gray rock used to make fire

  • floodplain

    (n.) flat land near a river prone to flooding

  • flora

    (n.) plant life in a particular area

  • floral

    (adj.) related to flowers

  • flounder

    (v.) struggle or stumble; a type of fish

  • fluorescent

    (adj.) emitting bright light when exposed to radiation

  • foggy

    (adj.) covered by fog, unclear

  • fold

    (v.) bend or crease material

  • foliage

    (n.) leaves of plants or trees

  • foolish

    (adj.) lacking good sense or judgment

  • forbid

    (v.) prohibit or not allow

  • ford

    (n.) cross a river or stream on foot

  • forecast

    (n.) prediction of future weather or events

  • forerunner

    (n.) precursor or predecessor

  • forestall

    (v.) prevent or obstruct by acting in advance

  • foretell

    (v.) predict the future

  • formal

    (adj.) done in accordance with rules or customs

  • format

    (v.) arrangement or layout of data

  • former

    (adj.) previous or earlier

  • formerly

    (adv.) in the past

  • formula

    (n.) mathematical or chemical rule

  • fortify

    (v.) strengthen or reinforce

  • fortunate

    (adj.) lucky or having good luck

  • foster

    (v.) promote or encourage development

  • founder

    (n.) person who establishes something

  • fragment

    (n.) small broken piece

  • fragrant

    (adj.) having a pleasant smell

  • frenzy

    (n.) wild excitement or derangement

  • freshly

    (adv.) recently or newly

  • freshness

    (n.) state of being freshly made or gathered

  • fringe

    (n.) outer edge or border

  • frisky

    (adj.) playfully lively

  • frivolity

    (n.) lack of seriousness or importance

  • frown

    (v.) facial expression of displeasure

  • fruitful

    (adj.) producing good results

  • fruitfulness

    (n.) abundance of fruits or results

  • frustrate

    (v.) hinder or prevent from success

  • functioning

    (n.) operating or working properly

  • fund

    (n.) money saved or allocated for a purpose

  • fundamental

    (adj.) basic or essential

  • fungus

    (n.) spore-producing organism like mold

  • furnish

    (v.) provide furniture or equipment

  • gallery

    (n.) space for displaying art

  • gap

    (n.) opening or space between two things

  • garish

    (adj.) excessively bright or showy

  • gaseous

    (adj.) relating to gases

  • gasoline

    (n.) fuel for engines; petrol

  • gauge

    (n.) measure or estimate a quantity

  • gazette

    (n.) official public journal or newspaper

  • gem

    (n.) precious or semi-precious stone

  • generalize

    (v.) draw broad conclusions from specifics

  • generous

    (adj.) willing to give or share

  • genetic

    (adj.) relating to genes or heredity

  • gentility

    (n.) politeness or refinement

  • giant

    (n.) very large or powerful

  • gibe

    (v.) tease or mocking remark

  • glacial

    (adj.) relating to glaciers or very cold

  • glandular

    (adj.) pertaining to glands

  • glare

    (n.) intense and harsh light or anger

  • gourmand

    (n.) someone who enjoys good food

  • gourmet

    (n.) connoisseur of fine food and drink

  • graduate

    (n.) complete a course or school; person who graduates

  • graft

    (n.) insert or transplant tissue; dishonest practice

  • grandeur

    (n.) impressive beauty or greatness

  • gravitational

    (adj.) relating to gravity

  • grease

    (n.) oily substance used for lubrication

  • gross

    (adj.) total before deductions; obvious or rude

  • guarantee

    (n.) promise to ensure quality or performance

  • gull

    (n.) fool or cheat; seabird

  • gymnastic

    (adj.) athletic exercises and movements

  • hail

    (v.) frozen rain or to greet loudly

  • ham

    (n.) pork meat from the thigh

  • hamper

    (v.) basket for laundry or hindrance

  • haphazard

    (adj.) random or unorganized

  • harbor

    (v.) shelter for ships or refuge

  • hardware

    (n.) tools and metal objects

  • harmonic

    (adj.) relating to harmony or pleasing sounds

  • haunt

    (n.) frequented place or repeatedly visit

  • haven

    (n.) safe and peaceful place

  • headquarter

    (n.) main office or center

  • heavenly

    (adj.) divine or relating to the sky or heavens

  • heed

    (v.) pay attention to something important

  • heir

    (n.) person who inherits property or title

  • herald

    (n.) announce or signal the approach of

  • herd

    (n.) a group of animals or people

  • hesitate

    (v.) pause before doing or saying something

  • heyday

    (n.) peak period of success or popularity

  • hide

    (v.) cover or conceal something

  • hike

    (v.) long walk for exercise or pleasure

  • hillbilly

    (n.) rural person from appalachian mountains

  • hilly

    (adj.) having many small hills

  • hinder

    (v.) create obstacle or delay

  • hinterland

    (n.) remote area behind coastline or river

  • homemade

    (adj.) made at home, not commercial

  • homespun

    (adj.) simple or rustic fabric or style

  • homogeneous

    (adj.) of the same kind or nature

  • horizon

    (n.) line where sky meets earth

  • horn

    (n.) hard protruding device on some animals

  • house

    (v.) building for human residence

  • humanist

    (n.) studies humanity and human values

  • humanistic

    (adj.) centered on human values and concerns

  • humanitarian

    (n.) promoting human welfare and rights

  • humble

    (adj.) having or showing a modest estimate of one's value or importance

  • humility

    (n.) quality of being humble

  • icicle

    (n.) ice formation hanging from surfaces

  • idiomatic

    (adj.) expressed in idioms or phrases

  • igneous

    (adj.) formed from cooled lava or magma

  • illuminate

    (v.) light up or make clear

  • illusion

    (n.) misleading or false perception

  • illustration

    (n.) visual explanation or decoration

  • imaginative

    (adj.) creative and full of ideas

  • imitate

    (v.) copy someone or something

  • immediate

    (adj.) instant or without delay

  • immigrant

    (n.) person moving to live permanently

  • immigration

    (n.) process of moving to a new country

  • immunity

    (n.) resistance to disease or harm

  • impartial

    (adj.) treat all equally without bias

  • impermeable

    (adj.) not allowing passage of liquids

  • impersonate

    (v.) pretend to be someone else

  • impersonation

    (n.) act of imitating someone

  • implement

    (v.) put into effect or action

  • impressionable

    (adj.) sensitive to influence or ideas

  • impressive

    (adj.) affecting or evoking admiration

  • inadequate

    (adj.) not sufficient or suitable

  • inanimate

    (adj.) lacking life or spirit

  • incidence

    (n.) occurrence of an event

  • incident

    (n.) an unexpected event or situation

  • incisive

    (adj.) clearly expressing ideas or opinions

  • inclination

    (n.) preference or tendency toward something

  • incongruity

    (n.) lack of harmony or compatibility

  • incongruous

    (adj.) incompatible or out of place

  • inconvenient

    (adj.) difficult or disruptive

  • indent

    (v.) recess or notch in edge or surface

  • independent

    (adj.) self-reliant or not controlled by others

  • indicate

    (v.) show or point out significance

  • induce

    (v.) cause to happen or bring about

  • industrial

    (adj.) relating to industry or manufacturing

  • industrialized

    (v.) made to be industry-driven or modern

  • inelastic

    (adj.) not changing shape under stress

  • inexorable

    (adj.) impossible to stop or avoid

  • infection

    (n.) contamination by harmful microorganisms

  • inferior

    (adj.) lower in quality or status

  • infest

    (v.) inhabit in large numbers and causing damage

  • infiltrate

    (v.) enter gradually or surreptitiously

  • inhabit

    (v.) live in or occupy a place

  • inherit

    (v.) receive property or traits from past

  • inject

    (v.) force into or into the body

  • innate

    (adj.) existing from birth naturally

  • innermost

    (adj.) closest to the center or core

  • innovative

    (adj.) introducing new ideas or methods

  • insanity

    (n.) serious mental illness

  • insignificant

    (adj.) too small to be noticed

  • inspect

    (v.) carefully examine or check

  • installment

    (n.) part of a series or payment

  • insufficient

    (adj.) not enough or lacking

  • insult

    (v.) offensive or disrespectful remark

  • insurmountable

    (adj.) impossible to overcome

  • integrate

    (v.) combine into a whole or system

  • integrity

    (n.) honesty and moral principles

  • intellectual

    (adj.) relating to the mind and thinking

  • intention

    (n.) purpose or aim of an action

  • interconnected

    (adj.) linked or related to each other

  • interdependent

    (adj.) requiring each other to function

  • interference

    (n.) disruption or obstruction

  • interlocking

    (adj.) connecting or fitting together

  • intermediate

    (adj.) coming between two things

  • intermittent

    (adj.) ongoing with stops and starts

  • interpersonal

    (adj.) relating to interactions between people

  • intersection

    (n.) point where two or more things cross

  • interval

    (n.) time between events or points

  • intrinsic

    (adj.) belonging naturally to something

  • introspective

    (adj.) contemplative or self-reflective

  • intruding

    (adj.) entering without permission

  • inundate

    (v.) flood or overwhelm

  • invade

    (v.) come into a place aggressively

  • invasion

    (n.) entry by enemy or unwelcome visitors

  • inverse

    (adj.) opposite in position or direction

  • ionosphere

    (n.) layer of charged particles in atmosphere

  • irrelevant

    (adj.) not related to the matter at hand

  • irreparable

    (adj.) impossible to repair or fix

  • irresistible

    (adj.) too attractive to refuse

  • irresponsible

    (adj.) lacking sense of responsibility

  • irritate

    (v.) cause annoyance or mild anger

  • itinerary

    (n.) planned travel route or schedule

  • jar

    (n.) container with a lid for storage

  • jeweler

    (n.) person who makes or sells jewelry

  • journal

    (n.) personal daily record of events

  • journalism

    (n.) reportage and production of news

  • juice

    (n.) liquid extracted from fruits or vegetables

  • juncture

    (n.) critical point or connection

  • justice

    (n.) fair treatment or legal system

  • kennel

    (n.) shelter for dogs or cats

  • kinetic

    (adj.) related to motion or movement

  • kingdom

    (n.) realm ruled by a king or queen

  • labyrinth

    (n.) complex maze or intricate pathways

  • larynx

    (n.) voice box located in the throat

  • laser

    (n.) focused beam of intense light

  • latent

    (adj.) hidden or undeveloped state

  • lavish

    (adj.) rich, elaborate, or luxurious

  • lawsuit

    (n.) legal action for civil claims

  • lay

    (v.) make or put in a resting position

  • layout

    (n.) arrangement or design plan

  • leading

    (adj.) most important or prominent

  • leadky

    (adj.) [no standard meaning or recognized usage]

  • ledge

    (n.) horizontal rock or land projection

  • legendary

    (adj.) well-known or famous from stories

  • legible

    (adj.) clear enough to read easily

  • legislate

    (v.) enact or establish laws

  • legislature

    (n.) lawmaking body or assembly

  • lengthy

    (adj.) very long in duration

  • liberal

    (adj.) open to new ideas or tolerant

  • lifesaver

    (n.) person or thing saving life

  • linguistic

    (adj.) related to language or speech

  • literacy

    (n.) ability to read and write

  • litter

    (v.) rubbish or scattered waste

  • locality

    (n.) specific place or area

  • locomotive

    (n.) powered rail vehicle for transportation

  • lodge

    (v.) small house or inn

  • log

    (n.) record of activities or events

  • logic

    (n.) rational thinking or reasoning

  • logical

    (adj.) clear, reasonable, or sensible

  • longevity

    (n.) long duration of life

  • loosen

    (v.) make less tight or firm

  • lucrative

    (adj.) producing profit or wealth

  • lull

    (n.) calm or soothe temporarily

  • lumber

    (v.) timber or wood for building

  • luminosity

    (n.) brightness or light emission

  • lunar

    (adj.) related to the moon

  • lyricist

    (n.) person who writes song lyrics

  • magician

    (n.) someone who performs magic tricks

  • magnetize

    (v.) make magnetic or attract

  • magnetosphere

    (n.) earth's magnetic field area

  • mainspring

    (n.) main source of energy or motivation

  • maintenance

    (n.) upkeep or repair work

  • majesty

    (n.) grandeur or royal dignity

  • malleability

    (n.) ability to be shaped or molded

  • mandatory

    (adj.) required or compulsory

  • maneuver

    (n.) skillful movement or operation

  • manipulate

    (v.) handle or control skillfully

  • maritime

    (adj.) related to the sea or ships

  • marshy

    (adj.) swampy or waterlogged area

  • mason

    (n.) skilled worker in stone or brickwork

  • maverick

    (n.) independent-minded or rebellious person

  • media

    (n.) communication outlets or channels

  • mediator

    (n.) someone who mediates disputes

  • melodic

    (adj.) musical or tuneful

  • memo

    (n.) short written record or note

  • memorial

    (n.) remembrance or monument

  • merchandise

    (n.) goods for sale or trade

  • merchant

    (n.) person or business that sells goods

  • meretricious

    (adj.) gaudy or superficially attractive

  • metabolic

    (adj.) related to metabolism processes

  • metabolism

    (n.) chemical processes producing energy

  • microscope

    (n.) instrument for close viewing small objects

  • migrate

    (v.) move from one place to another

  • migration

    (n.) movement of people or animals

  • millionaire

    (n.) person with wealth over a million

  • miniature

    (n.) small or scaled-down version

  • miscellaneous

    (adj.) various kinds or mixed items

  • misconception

    (n.) incorrect or mistaken idea

  • mitigate

    (v.) make less severe or harmful

  • mobile

    (adj.) capable of moving or being moved

  • mobility

    (n.) ability to move or be moved easily

  • mockingbird

    (n.) bird known for mimicking sounds

  • moderate

    (v.) keep within reasonable limits

  • mold

    (v.) hollow container or shape; fungus

  • molecular

    (adj.) related to molecules or chemistry

  • molten

    (adj.) melted or liquefied

  • monetary

    (adj.) related to money or currency

  • monitor

    (v.) observe or check carefully

  • monumental

    (adj.) very important or massive

  • mortal

    (n.) subject to death or human existence

  • motion

    (n.) state of movement or action

  • motivate

    (v.) inspire or prompt to act

  • mouth

    (n.) opening of the face for speech/food

  • multiple

    (n.) many or various in number

  • multiply

    (v.) increase in number or amount

  • municipal

    (adj.) relating to a city or town

  • mushroom

    (v.) fungi with cap and stem

  • myriad

    (adj.) countless or extremely numerous

  • naval

    (adj.) related to ships or navy

  • needy

    (adj.) poor or lacking basic needs

  • neutralize

    (v.) render harmless or ineffective

  • nocturnal

    (adj.) active during the night

  • nonconformist

    (n.) rejects conventional practices

  • nonhuman

    (adj.) not human; animal or object

  • nontraditional

    (adj.) not based on tradition

  • nonviolence

    (n.) peaceful resistance or refusal to fight

  • notable

    (n.) worthy of notice or attention

  • note

    (v.) a brief written record or annotation

  • nourish

    (v.) provide with food or nutrients

  • nourishing

    (adj.) supplying essential nutrients

  • novel

    (n.) new or original

  • novelty

    (n.) something new or unique

  • nowadays

    (adv.) in the present time

  • nuclear

    (adj.) relating to atomic energy or nucleus

  • numerous

    (adj.) many; a large number

  • nutrient

    (n.) nutritional substance in food

  • nutritious

    (adj.) good for health; nourishing

  • objective

    (adj.) unbiased; not influenced by personal feelings

  • obligatory

    (adj.) mandatory; required by law or rules

  • obsess

    (v.) preoccupy or fill the mind excessively

  • obsolete

    (adj.) outdated; no longer in use

  • obstacle

    (n.) barrier that prevents progress

  • occasional

    (adj.) occurring infrequently

  • odd

    (adj.) strange or unusual

  • odds

    (n.) probability or likelihood

  • olfactory

    (adj.) relating to the sense of smell

  • ooze

    (v.) slowly flow or leak out

  • optical

    (adj.) relating to sight or light

  • optimal

    (adj.) most favorable; best

  • optimist

    (n.) person who expects the best

  • optimum

    (adj.) most advantageous condition

  • optional

    (adj.) not mandatory; voluntary

  • oratorio

    (n.) a large musical composition for voices and orchestra

  • orbit

    (n.) path of celestial body around a star

  • orchid

    (n.) a flowering plant with showy blooms

  • ore

    (n.) mineral from which metal is extracted

  • organism

    (n.) living creature with life functions

  • oriental

    (adj.) relating to east asia or eastern culture

  • original

    (adj.) first of its kind; innovative

  • originality

    (n.) uniqueness or innovation

  • outcry

    (n.) loud protest or expression of disapproval

  • outdated

    (adj.) no longer current or in fashion

  • outdoors

    (adv.) outside; in the open air

  • outlast

    (v.) last longer than another

  • outlook

    (n.) attitude or point of view

  • outmoded

    (adj.) old-fashioned; outdated

  • output

    (n.) production or amount produced

  • outrage

    (v.) strong anger or shock

  • overburden

    (v.) excessive load or pressure

  • overcharge

    (n.) charge more than due; excess fee

  • overdue

    (adj.) not paid or done on time

  • overestimate

    (v.) assess more than actual value

  • overlapping

    (adj.) partly covering each other

  • overload

    (v.) too much to handle or carry

  • oversight

    (n.) mistake or failure to notice

  • overt

    (adj.) done openly; not secret

  • oyster

    (n.) mollusk that produces pearls

  • pack

    (n.) wrap or box for carrying items

  • packaging

    (n.) materials used to contain or protect

  • pale

    (adj.) lacking color; light in shade

  • paleontologist

    (n.) scientist studying fossils

  • parade

    (n.) public procession or march

  • parallel

    (n.) equally distant lines or planes

  • paralysis

    (n.) loss of ability to move or feel

  • paralyze

    (v.) cause to become immobile

  • parapsychology

    (n.) study of paranormal phenomena

  • parasitic

    (adj.) living off host; dependent

  • participant

    (n.) person taking part in event

  • patent

    (adj.) exclusive legal right for invention

  • pathway

    (n.) route or track for passage

  • patriot

    (n.) loyal supporter of country

  • peck

    (v.) small amount or violent strike

  • pedagogic

    (adj.) related to teaching methods

  • pedagogical

    (adj.) pertaining to education or teaching

  • peer

    (n.) equal in age or status

  • penalty

    (n.) punishment for wrongdoing

  • pendant

    (n.) dangling decorative item

  • penetrate

    (v.) pierce or enter through

  • perfume

    (n.) fragrant liquid for scent

  • perimeter

    (n.) boundary around area

  • period

    (n.) duration of time or punctuation mark

  • periodical

    (n.) publication issued at intervals

  • peripheral

    (adj.) on the outer edge

  • perishable

    (adj.) likely to decay or spoil

  • permeable

    (adj.) allowing liquid or gas to pass through

  • perpetuate

    (v.) make lasting or permanent

  • perplexing

    (adj.) confusing or puzzling

  • perspiration

    (n.) sweat produced by body

  • pest

    (n.) unwanted insect or animal

  • pestilential

    (adj.) causing disease or harm

  • petal

    (n.) colored part of flower

  • petition

    (n.) formal written request

  • petrifaction

    (n.) conversion into stone

  • photograph

    (n.) image captured by camera

  • physical

    (adj.) relating to the body or material

  • physiological

    (adj.) relating to body functions

  • pierce

    (v.) make a hole or hole through

  • pioneer

    (v.) a person who begins or leads

  • pique

    (v.) stimulate interest or curiosity

  • pledge

    (n.) formal promise or commitment

  • plow

    (v.) farming tool for turning soil

  • pocketbook

    (n.) small bag for money or essentials

  • politics

    (n.) activities related to government and governance

  • pollute

    (v.) make dirty or contaminated

  • popular

    (adj.) widely liked or admired

  • popularity

    (n.) state of being well-liked

  • portable

    (adj.) easily carried or moved

  • portrait

    (n.) a painting or photo of a person

  • portraitist

    (n.) artist who draws or paints portraits

  • pose

    (v.) assumed position for photographs or art

  • possess

    (v.) owns or has something

  • postal

    (adj.) related to mail or postal services

  • postmaster

    (n.) person in charge of a post office

  • posture

    (n.) position of body or limbs

  • pot

    (n.) container for cooking or plants

  • potent

    (adj.) powerful or effective

  • potted

    (adj.) contain in a pot

  • precaution

    (n.) safety measure taken beforehand

  • precious

    (adj.) highly valuable or costly

  • precipitate

    (adj.) cause to happen suddenly

  • predatory

    (adj.) feeding on others for survival

  • predictability

    (n.) likelihood to be anticipated

  • prediction

    (n.) foretelling future events

  • predominant

    (adj.) belonging to authority or majority

  • predominantly

    (adv.) mostly or mainly

  • preeminent

    (adj.) supremely important or famous

  • preliminary

    (adj.) first or initial step

  • premium

    (n.) high-quality or extra cost

  • presidency

    (n.) term or office of a president

  • prevailing

    (adj.) most common or dominant

  • primary

    (adj.) main or most important

  • priority

    (n.) most urgent or important task

  • proceeds

    (n.) funds or profits obtained

  • prodigy

    (n.) extraordinary talent or achievement

  • profession

    (n.) career requiring specialized skills

  • profile

    (n.) outline or summary of a person or thing

  • progress

    (n.) advance or development

  • projection

    (n.) estimate or forecast

  • projectionist

    (n.) person operating a projector

  • projector

    (n.) device that projects images or movies

  • proliferation

    (n.) rapid increase or spread

  • prolific

    (adj.) highly productive or creative

  • prolong

    (v.) make something last longer

  • prominence

    (n.) importance or fame

  • promising

    (adj.) showing signs of success

  • promoter

    (n.) person who supports or advertises

  • prompt

    (v.) on time or quick to act

  • promulgate

    (v.) make widely known or accepted

  • proofread

    (v.) check for errors in text

  • propensity

    (n.) inclination or tendency

  • prophet

    (n.) person claiming divine insight

  • proponent

    (n.) supporter of an idea

  • proportion

    (n.) part relative to whole

  • propose

    (v.) suggest or put forward

  • proprietor

    (n.) owner of a business or property

  • propulsion

    (n.) driving forward motion

  • prospect

    (n.) likely future or opportunity

  • protagonist

    (n.) main character in story

  • prototype

    (n.) first model or example

  • provincialism

    (n.) limited outlook or perspective

  • purified

    (adj.) made pure or clean

  • purify

    (v.) remove impurities from

  • quaint

    (adj.) aged or charmingly old-fashioned

  • qualified

    (adj.) having necessary skills or credentials

  • quarter

    (n.) one-fourth of a whole

  • quench

    (v.) satisfy thirst or extinguish fire

  • quilt

    (v.) layered bed covering

  • quota

    (n.) set share or portion

  • quotation

    (n.) repeated words or prices

  • radar

    (n.) device to detect objects at a distance

  • ragtime

    (n.) style of lively music

  • rancher

    (n.) person who owns or works on a ranch

  • range

    (n.) span or extent between limits

  • rank

    (n.) position in a hierarchy or list

  • rarely

    (adv.) almost never happens

  • rattlesnake

    (n.) venomous snake with rattles

  • ray

    (n.) beam of light or fish with fins

  • rebel

    (n.) person who opposes authority

  • rebellion

    (n.) revolt against authority

  • receptive

    (adj.) open to new ideas or suggestions

  • receptor

    (n.) part that receives signals or stimuli

  • recipe

    (n.) set of instructions for cooking

  • recipient

    (n.) person receiving something

  • reclaim

    (v.) get back or recover

  • recognize

    (v.) identify or acknowledge

  • recollection

    (n.) memory of past events

  • recommendation

    (n.) suggestion for action or choice

  • recompose

    (v.) arrange again or differently

  • reconstruct

    (v.) build back or restore

  • recount

    (v.) tell or narrate a story

  • recreational

    (adj.) providing entertainment or relaxation

  • rectangular

    (n.) shape with four right angles

  • recur

    (v.) happen again or repeatedly

  • refine

    (v.) improve or perfect something

  • refrigerate

    (v.) cool or chill food or drinks

  • refrigerator

    (n.) appliance used to keep food cold

  • rehearse

    (v.) practice for a performance

  • reimburse

    (v.) repay or refund costs

  • rejuvenate

    (v.) make youthful or refreshed

  • relax

    (v.) rest and become less tense

  • relay

    (n.) pass on or transmit

  • relevance

    (n.) importance to the matter

  • relevant

    (adj.) closely connected or appropriate

  • religion

    (n.) belief system involving spiritual faith or practices

  • religious

    (adj.) pertaining to religion or faith

  • remark

    (v.) comment or statement

  • remind

    (v.) to prompt memory of something

  • reminder

    (n.) prompt to remember something

  • rent

    (n.) payment for temporary use of property

  • repertoire

    (n.) collected works or skills

  • representative

    (n.) person acting on behalf of others

  • repress

    (v.) to restrain or suppress feelings

  • reproductive

    (adj.) relating to reproduction or procreation

  • resemblance

    (n.) similarity in appearance or characteristics

  • residence

    (n.) place where someone lives

  • residential

    (adj.) relating to where people live

  • resolve

    (v.) to make a firm decision; solve

  • resource

    (n.) source of help or supply

  • responsive

    (adj.) reacting quickly and positively

  • restraint

    (n.) restriction or control

  • restrictive

    (adj.) limiting or confining

  • retire

    (v.) to withdraw from work or active life

  • retirement

    (n.) period of leaving work permanently

  • retool

    (v.) to adapt tools or equipment

  • retreat

    (n.) to withdraw or move back

  • retrieve

    (v.) to get back or regain

  • retrospective

    (adj.) looking back at past events

  • reveal

    (v.) to disclose or make known

  • reverse

    (v.) to move backward or invert

  • revision

    (n.) updated or corrected version

  • revitalization

    (n.) restoring vitality or energy

  • revolt

    (v.) uprising or rebellion

  • revolutionary

    (adj.) innovative or rebellious

  • rhythm

    (n.) repeated pattern of sounds

  • rhythmic

    (adj.) having a regular beat

  • ridge

    (n.) narrow raised edge or crest

  • ridicule

    (n.) mock or make fun of

  • ripe

    (adj.) fully matured or ready

  • ritual

    (n.) ceremonial act or tradition

  • role

    (n.) function or position

  • rotate

    (v.) to turn around an axis

  • rote

    (n.) mechanical or habitual repetition

  • rough

    (adj.) uneven or coarse surface

  • rub

    (v.) to press and move against

  • rudimentary

    (adj.) basic or undeveloped

  • rumble

    (n.) deep, continuous sound

  • sac

    (n.) religious or sacred object

  • saddle

    (v.) supporting seat for rider

  • sake

    (n.) purpose or benefit

  • salient

    (adj.) clearly noticeable or important

  • salinity

    (n.) amount of salt in water

  • saliva

    (n.) liquid produced in the mouth

  • saltiness

    (n.) taste of salt

  • sanctuary

    (n.) sacred or safe place

  • sandy

    (adj.) covered with or consisting of sand

  • satiric

    (adj.) humorously critical

  • scan

    (v.) to examine rapidly

  • scarce

    (adj.) hard to find or rare

  • scenic

    (adj.) providing beautiful views

  • schedule

    (n.) plan of activities or events

  • scholar

    (n.) someone learned in a subject

  • scope

    (n.) range or extent of something

  • scotch

    (v.) to put an end to; to crush

  • scrap

    (n.) small piece or fragment

  • sculptural

    (adj.) related to sculpture art

  • seasonal

    (adj.) occurring season by season

  • seaweed

    (n.) marine plant, edible or not

  • secondary

    (adj.) less important or subsequent

  • section

    (n.) part of a larger whole

  • sector

    (n.) division or part of an area

  • security

    (n.) protection against danger

  • seismograph

    (n.) detects ground shaking

  • sensibility

    (n.) capacity to perceive or feel

  • sensory

    (adj.) relating to senses

  • sentimentalize

    (v.) to imbue with feelings

  • sharpen

    (v.) to make sharper

  • sheath

    (n.) protective covering

  • shellfish

    (n.) aquatic animals with shells

  • sheltered

    (adj.) protected from harm

  • shield

    (n.) protective device or cover

  • shift

    (n.) to move or change position

  • shifting

    (adj.) moving from place to place

  • shiny

    (adj.) reflects light; bright

  • shot

    (n.) fired projectile; attempt

  • shrinkage

    (n.) reduction in size

  • shuttle

    (n.) vehicle moving back and forth

  • significance

    (n.) importance or meaning

  • silt

    (v.) fine soil carried by water

  • silversmith

    (n.) jeweler working with silver

  • simulate

    (v.) to imitate or replicate

  • skeptical

    (adj.) doubting or questioning

  • skimp

    (v.) to handle carelessly or frugally

  • slime

    (n.) sticky or gooey substance

  • slip

    (v.) to slide unintentionally

  • slipper

    (n.) light, open shoe

  • smoothly

    (adv.) without difficulty or bumps

  • snap

    (v.) to break suddenly; quick sound

  • snippet

    (n.) small piece or extract

  • solar

    (adj.) relating to the sun

  • soldier

    (n.) member of the armed forces

  • solely

    (adv.) exclusively; only

  • solicitor

    (n.) legal representative or advocate

  • solution

    (n.) answer to a problem

  • somewhat

    (adv.) to some extent; slightly

  • sovereign

    (n.) supreme ruler or authority

  • sow

    (v.) plant seeds in the ground

  • soy

    (n.) leguminous plant for soybeans

  • soybean

    (n.) edible bean from the soy plant

  • spanking

    (adj.) striking with open hand

  • sparse

    (adj.) thinly dispersed or scattered

  • specimen

    (n.) sample or individual for study

  • speck

    (n.) small spot or tiny mark

  • spectator

    (n.) observer of an event

  • spherical

    (adj.) shaped like a sphere

  • spill

    (v.) pour out liquid accidentally

  • spinal

    (adj.) relating to the spine

  • spiny

    (adj.) covered with thorns or spikes

  • spiritual

    (adj.) relating to spirit or religion

  • splendor

    (n.) magnificent appearance or grandeur

  • spoilage

    (n.) decay or decomposition

  • spot

    (n.) small mark or area

  • squash

    (v.) press to crush or flatten

  • stable

    (adj.) unchanging or steady

  • staff

    (n.) group of employees or support rod

  • staggering

    (adj.) astonishing or overwhelming

  • stagnant

    (adj.) not flowing or moving

  • stamina

    (n.) endurance or energy

  • standardize

    (v.) make uniform or consistent

  • staple

    (n.) main or essential item

  • stash

    (n.) hidden store or cache

  • stately

    (adj.) having dignity or grandeur

  • stationery

    (n.) writing materials and supplies

  • status

    (n.) social or professional position

  • stellar

    (adj.) related to stars; outstanding

  • stem

    (n.) main stalk of a plant

  • stiff

    (adj.) rigid or difficult to bend

  • stilt

    (n.) supporting post or pole

  • sting

    (v.) sharp point that causes pain

  • stipulation

    (n.) specific condition or requirement

  • straightforward

    (adj.) simple and honest

  • strain

    (v.) force causing deformation or stress

  • strengthen

    (v.) make stronger or more powerful

  • string

    (n.) thin cord or thread

  • stumble

    (v.) trip or lose balance

  • submit

    (v.) accept or yield to authority

  • substantially

    (adv.) significantly or considerably

  • substitute

    (n.) replace with another

  • subtraction

    (n.) mathematical removal or deduction

  • suburb

    (n.) residential area outside city center

  • sue

    (v.) bring a lawsuit against someone

  • suit

    (v.) set of clothing; legal case

  • suitcase

    (n.) carryall for personal belongings

  • suited

    (adj.) appropriate or fitting

  • sumptuous

    (adj.) luxurious or lavish

  • sunburn

    (n.) damage caused by overexposure to sun

  • sunflower

    (n.) large yellow-flowered plant

  • sunlight

    (n.) natural light from the sun

  • sunlit

    (adj.) illuminated by the sun

  • sunshine

    (n.) sunlight, bright daylight

  • superior

    (adj.) higher in rank or quality

  • supernatural

    (adj.) beyond scientific understanding

  • supervision

    (n.) overseeing or management

  • suppress

    (v.) stop or restrain

  • supreme

    (adj.) highest in authority or quality

  • surge

    (n.) sudden powerful increase

  • surgeon

    (n.) medical doctor specializing in surgery

  • surgery

    (n.) medical operation or procedure

  • surmount

    (v.) overcome or rise above

  • surpassingly

    (adv.) exceptionally or extremely

  • survey

    (n.) careful examination or review

  • survivor

    (n.) one who lives through an event

  • suspicion

    (n.) doubt or mistrust

  • suspicious

    (adj.) inclined to mistrust

  • swamp

    (n.) wetland with water-logged ground

  • swarm

    (v.) large group moving together

  • sweep

    (n.) clean by brushing or brushing away

  • swift

    (adj.) fast or quick

  • symbolism

    (n.) use of symbols to represent ideas

  • symmetrical

    (adj.) balanced in shape or form

  • system

    (n.) set of connected parts functioning together

  • systematic

    (adj.) methodical and organized

  • tailor

    (n.) make or alter clothing

  • tarnish

    (v.) damage or discoloration surface

  • teapot

    (n.) container for brewing tea

  • temper

    (v.) state of mood or anger

  • temporary

    (adj.) lasting for a limited time

  • tenant

    (n.) person who rents property

  • tend

    (v.) care for or hold or extend

  • tender

    (v.) soft or gentle; offer formally

  • terrain

    (n.) area of land with specific features

  • thaw

    (v.) melt or become unfrozen

  • theist

    (n.) believer in god

  • theoretical

    (adj.) based on theory rather than practice

  • thermal

    (adj.) relating to heat

  • thesis

    (n.) main idea or argument

  • thigh

    (n.) part of leg between hip and knee

  • thorny

    (adj.) covered with thorns

  • threaten

    (v.) indicate potential harm

  • thrive

    (v.) grow vigorously or prosper

  • thrust

    (n.) push suddenly or forcefully

  • tide

    (n.) alternating rise and fall of sea

  • tip

    (n.) end or pointed part

  • toe

    (n.) digit of the foot

  • topography

    (n.) land features of an area

  • tortuous

    (adj.) winding or twisting path

  • touched

    (adj.) made contact or felt slight emotional impact

  • touching

    (adj.) causing deep emotion or sympathy

  • toxic

    (adj.) poisonous or harmful to health

  • tract

    (n.) a large area of land

  • trail

    (n.) a path or track left by moving objects or animals

  • trainload

    (n.) the amount a train can carry

  • trait

    (n.) a characteristic or feature of someone or something

  • translucent

    (adj.) allowing light but not detailed images through

  • trapper

    (n.) person who captures or traps animals

  • trend

    (n.) general direction or tendency in behavior

  • tribal

    (adj.) relating to tribes or tribal societies

  • tribute

    (n.) an act or gift that shows respect or admiration

  • tropical

    (adj.) pertaining to the tropics or warm climates

  • troupe

    (n.) a group of performers or entertainers

  • trumpeter

    (n.) someone who plays the trumpet

  • tunnel

    (n.) an underground passage or corridor

  • tutor

    (n.) a person who teaches or instructs privately

  • unadorned

    (adj.) plain; not decorated

  • uncharted

    (adj.) not mapped or explored

  • unconventional

    (adj.) not based on or conforming to tradition

  • unconvincing

    (adj.) not believable or persuasive

  • underestimate

    (v.) to assess as less than actual value

  • underlying

    (adj.) fundamental; hidden beneath

  • undeserved

    (adj.) not deserving or worthy

  • undisturbed

    (adj.) not disturbed; peaceful

  • unexplored

    (adj.) not examined or investigated

  • unfavorable

    (adj.) not beneficial or positive

  • unfertilized

    (adj.) not provided with nutrients

  • unparalleled

    (adj.) without equal; unique

  • unpredictable

    (adj.) not able to be foreseen

  • unquestioning

    (adj.) without doubt or skepticism

  • unsatisfactory

    (adj.) not meeting expectations

  • unseasonably

    (adv.) occurring at the wrong time

  • unsophisticated

    (adj.) not complex or refined

  • unspoiled

    (adj.) not damaged or corrupted

  • untapped

    (adj.) not utilized or exploited

  • uproot

    (v.) to remove by pulling from roots

  • urban

    (adj.) relating to a city

  • urbanize

    (v.) to make more city-like

  • urgency

    (n.) need for immediate action

  • urgent

    (adj.) requiring quick attention

  • utilitarian

    (adj.) focused on practical function

  • utilize

    (v.) to make practical use of

  • vaccinate

    (v.) to inoculate against disease

  • valid

    (adj.) legally or logically acceptable

  • validity

    (n.) the quality of being logically sound

  • vaporization

    (n.) conversion into vapor or gas

  • variable

    (adj.) capable of changing

  • varnish

    (n.) a glossy coating or finish

  • vegetation

    (n.) plants collectively; green growth

  • velocity

    (n.) speed in a given direction

  • venom

    (n.) toxic substance produced by animals

  • venomous

    (adj.) capable of injecting venom

  • venture

    (v.) a risky or daring journey or project

  • verbal

    (adj.) relating to words or speech

  • veto

    (n.) the right to reject or prohibit

  • viable

    (adj.) capable of working successfully

  • vicinity

    (n.) area near or surrounding a location

  • violence

    (n.) behavior involving physical force

  • viral

    (adj.) related to viruses or quickly spreading

  • visionary

    (adj.) having creative or future-focused ideas

  • vocational

    (adj.) related to a profession or occupation

  • volunteer

    (n.) person who offers services freely

  • voracious

    (adj.) having a huge appetite or eagerness

  • vote

    (n.) to express preference in elections

  • wade

    (v.) to walk through water or soft ground

  • waist

    (n.) part of the body between ribs and hips

  • watercourse

    (n.) natural or artificial river or channel

  • waxy

    (adj.) having the texture or appearance of wax

  • weave

    (n.) to interlace threads into fabric

  • wed

    (v.) to marry or become joined

  • wedding

    (n.) ceremony of marriage

  • weird

    (adj.) unusual or supernatural appearance

  • whip

    (v.) a flexible implement for striking

  • whittle

    (v.) to carve or cut into wood

  • wingspan

    (n.) distance from one wingtip to the other

  • woolen

    (adj.) made of wool fabric

  • wright

    (n.) a maker or builder (e.g., shipwright)

  • wrist

    (n.) part of the arm connecting hand and forearm

  • yolk

    (n.) the yellow part of an egg

  • zeal

    (n.) enthusiastic energy or dedication

  • zenith

    (n.) highest point; peak

  • zone

    (n.) an area with common features