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IELTS 2000 Vocabulary

Classify by Letter Classify by Lesson Start Quiz

  • a little time

    (det.) Small amount of time

  • a sense of

    (n.) Feeling or perception of something

  • abandon

    (v.) Leave behind or give up

  • abide

    (v.) Comply or stay loyal

  • abide by

    (v.) Follow rules or laws

  • ability

    (n.) Skill or capacity to do something

  • aboard

    (adv.) On or inside a vehicle or vessel

  • abolish

    (v.) Cause to cease or end

  • abreast

    (adj.) Side by side or up-to-date

  • abroad

    (adv.) In or to a foreign country

  • absenteeism

    (n.) Frequent absence from work or school

  • absorb

    (v.) Take in or soak up

  • abstract

    (adj.) Theoretical or non-concrete concept

  • absurd

    (adj.) Ridiculously unreasonable or nonsensical

  • abusive

    (adj.) Using harmful or harsh words or actions

  • academic

    (adj.) Related to education or scholarship

  • accelerate

    (v.) Speed up or increase in rate

  • accept

    (v.) Agree to receive or believe

  • acceptance

    (n.) Act of agreeing or approval

  • access

    (n.) Ability to reach or use

  • accessible

    (adj.) Easily reached or entered

  • accident

    (n.) Unexpected and unintended event

  • accompany

    (v.) Go with or escort

  • accomplish

    (v.) Successfully complete or achieve

  • accomplishment

    (n.) Achievement or successful completion

  • account

    (n.) Record of financial transactions

  • accountant

    (n.) Person managing financial records

  • accreditation

    (n.) Official recognition or approval

  • accredited

    (adj.) Officially recognized or authorized

  • accumulate

    (v.) Collect or gather over time

  • accurate

    (adj.) Free from errors or mistakes

  • ace

    (n.) Expert or top-performing individual

  • achieve

    (v.) Successfully bring about or reach

  • acid

    (n.) Chemical substance with pH less than 7

  • acknowledge

    (v.) Recognize or admit

  • acknowledgement

    (n.) Expression of gratitude or recognition

  • acquaint

    (v.) Make familiar or aware

  • acquainted

    (adj.) Having knowledge of or familiar with

  • acquire

    (v.) Obtain or come into possession of

  • acquiring

    (v.) The act of obtaining or gaining

  • acting

    (n.) Performing a role or function

  • active

    (adj.) Engaged in action or movement

  • acute

    (adj.) Having severe or sharp effect

  • adapt to

    (v.) Adjust or modify to fit

  • address

    (v.) Speak to or deal with

  • address climate risks

    (phr.) Tackle environmental challenges

  • adequate

    (adj.) Sufficient or satisfactory

  • adhere

    (v.) Stick fast or follow closely

  • admission

    (n.) Permission to enter or join

  • admit

    (v.) Confess or allow entry

  • admittedly

    (adv.) Certainly or undoubtedly

  • adopt

    (v.) Legally take on or start using

  • adorn

    (v.) Decorate or add beauty to

  • adrenaline

    (n.) Hormone that triggers fight-or-flight

  • adrenaline rush

    (n.) Sudden surge of adrenaline

  • adulting

    (n.) Behaving like a responsible adult

  • advantage

    (n.) Benefit or favorable position

  • advent

    (n.) Arrival or beginning of something

  • adventure

    (n.) Exciting or risky experience

  • adversely

    (adv.) Harmfully or negatively

  • advice

    (n.) Suggestion or recommendation

  • advocate

    (v./n.) Support or promote a cause

  • aerobic exercise

    (n.) Cardio workout improving oxygen use

  • aesthetics

    (n.) Study of beauty or art

  • affect

    (v./n.) Influence or have an impact

  • affirm

    (v.) Declare as true or valid

  • affluent

    (adj.) Having abundant wealth

  • aide

    (n.) Assistant or helper

  • air

    (n.) Invisible gaseous substance

  • akin to

    (phr.) Similar to or related to

  • alarming

    (adj.) Causing worry or fear

  • alcohol abuse

    (n.) Misuse of alcoholic substances

  • algorithm

    (n.) Step-by-step problem-solving method

  • allegation

    (n.) Claim or assertion without proof

  • alleged

    (adj.) Supposed or accused but not proven

  • alleviate

    (v.) Lessen or reduce pain or suffering

  • allocate

    (v.) Distribute resources or duties

  • alone

    (adv.) By oneself or without others

  • amassed

    (adj.) Collected or accumulated

  • ambassador

    (n.) Official representative or envoy

  • ambiguity

    (n.) Vagueness or uncertainty

  • ambition

    (n.) Strong desire to achieve something

  • amenity

    (n.) Comfort or convenience

  • among

    (prep.) In the midst of or surrounded by

  • among students

    (phr.) Within a group of students

  • amount

    (n.) Quantity or total

  • amp up

    (v.) Increase or intensify

  • ample

    (adj.) Plenty or more than enough

  • amusement park

    (n.) Recreational venue with rides and games

  • anaerobic exercise

    (n.) Intense activity without oxygen use

  • and so on

    (phr.) And other similar things

  • animus

    (n.) Intent or underlying motive

  • anthropic selection

    (n.) Human-influenced evolution process

  • anxiety

    (n.) Uneasiness or nervousness

  • anxious

    (adj.) Feeling worried or nervous

  • apocalyptic

    (adj.) Devastating or disastrous

  • appalling

    (adj.) Shocking or horrifying

  • apparent

    (adj.) easily seen or understood; obvious

  • appeal the sanctions

    (n. phr.) Request to reverse or change sanctions

  • appeal to

    (v. phr.) Make a serious request or plea

  • appears

    (v.) Seems to be; looks like

  • applause

    (n.) Clapping to show approval

  • apply

    (v.) Make a formal request or use

  • appointment

    (n.) Arranged meeting or position

  • appreciative

    (adj.) Feeling or showing gratitude

  • apprehension

    (n.) Anxiety or fear about something

  • apprehensive

    (adj.) Anxious about future events

  • approximately

    (adv.) Almost exact; about

  • aquarium

    (n.) Fish enclosure for display

  • arbitrary

    (adj.) Based on random choice or whim

  • archaeologist

    (n.) Studier of ancient history

  • architect

    (n.) Designer of buildings

  • arduous

    (adj.) Difficult; requiring effort

  • argument

    (n.) Disagreement or debate

  • arid

    (adj.) Extremely dry climate

  • aroma

    (n.) Distinctive smell or fragrance

  • around seven in ten

    (adj. phr.) Approximately 70%

  • arouse

    (v.) Stimulate or evoke

  • arrogant

    (adj.) Having excessive pride

  • arthritis

    (n.) Inflammation of joints

  • ask for

    (v. phr.) Request or seek

  • aspiration

    (n.) Strong desire for achievement

  • aspiring

    (adj.) Hoping to achieve something

  • assertive

    (adj.) Confident and forceful

  • assess

    (v.) Evaluate or estimate

  • assimilate

    (v.) Absorb or integrate

  • assistance

    (n.) Help or support

  • assuage

    (v.) Ease or satisfy

  • assume

    (v.) Suppose or take for granted

  • astronomical money

    (phr.) Very large sums of money

  • asylum seeker

    (n. phr.) Person seeking protection abroad

  • asymmetrical

    (adj.) Not identical on both sides

  • at stake

    (prep. phr.) At risk or in danger

  • athletic

    (adj.) Physically active or skilled

  • atrocity

    (n.) Brutal or wicked act

  • attach

    (v.) Fasten or connect

  • attack

    (n./v.) Forceful assault or criticism

  • attention

    (n.) Focusing awareness on something

  • attitude

    (n.) Person's outlook or mindset

  • attorney general

    (n. phr.) Chief legal officer of a jurisdiction

  • attract

    (v.) Draw interest or attention

  • attraction

    (n.) Force that draws or appeals

  • attribute

    (n./v.) Characteristic or quality

  • audience

    (n.) Group of viewers or listeners

  • audited financial reports

    (n. phr.) Verified company financial statements

  • audits

    (n.) Examinations of accounts or processes

  • authentic

    (adj.) Genuine or real

  • authority

    (n.) Power or right to give orders

  • avenge

    (v.) Seek revenge for an injury

  • avid

    (adj.) Enthusiastic or eager

  • avoid

    (v.) Keep away from; prevent

  • award

    (n./v.) Prize given for achievement

  • awareness

    (n.) Knowledge or consciousness

  • back up

    (v. phr.) Support or reinforce; make copies

  • backyard stargazing

    (n. phr.) Observing stars from home yard

  • balance

    (n./v.) Steady state of stability

  • barrel

    (n.) Large cylindrical container

  • barren

    (adj.) Empty and unproductive

  • barren area

    (n. phr.) Desolate, unfruitful land

  • barrier

    (n.) Obstacle blocking progress

  • basic

    (adj.) Fundamental or simple

  • be attributed to

    (v. phr.) Caused by or credited to

  • be deprived of

    (v. phr.) Lacked or denied

  • be exposed to

    (v. phr.) Be subjected to

  • be fazed

    (v. phr.) Be disturbed or confused

  • be indifferent to

    (v. phr.) Show no interest

  • be neglected

    (v.) Be ignored or overlooked

  • be obligated to

    (v. phr.) Be required to; duty-bound

  • be prone to

    (v. phr.) Tend to or likely to

  • be prone to vandalism

    (v. phr.) Likely to damage property

  • be sentenced to

    (v. phr.) Receive a legal punishment

  • be substituted by

    (v. phr.) Replaced by

  • be walking in place

    (v. phr.) Moving feet without advancing

  • bear

    (v./n.) Endure or carry

  • beautify

    (v.) Make more attractive

  • beef up

    (v. phr.) Strengthen or increase

  • behavioral pattern

    (n. phr.) Typical actions or conduct

  • belief

    (n.) Conviction or trust

  • believe

    (v.) Accept as true

  • benchmark

    (n.) Standard for comparison

  • benefit

    (n./v.) Advantage or profit

  • bibliography

    (n.) List of sources or references

  • bid

    (n./v.) Offer a price for auction

  • bid his time

    (v. phr.) Wait for the right moment

  • binge Drinking

    (n. phr.) Heavy alcohol consumption

  • biodiversity

    (n.) Diversity of living organisms

  • Bismarck

    (n.) German city or historical figure

  • bitter

    (adj.) Having strong sharp taste; resentful

  • blackmail

    (n./v.) Threatening to reveal secrets unless paid

  • blame

    (n./v.) Hold responsible for wrongdoing

  • blemish

    (n.) Imperfection or flaw

  • blood circulatory system

    (n. phr.) Network that moves blood through body

  • blossoming

    (n./adj.) Beginning to develop or flourish

  • blow

    (n./v.) Forceful air movement; strike

  • bolster

    (v.) Support or strengthen

  • booming

    (adj.) Rapid growth or success

  • booms

    (n.) periods of rapid growth or increase

  • boost

    (n.) increase or improve something

  • bounces back

    (v.) recover after setbacks

  • boundless

    (adj.) limitless or endless

  • brain drain

    (n.) emigration of skilled professionals

  • brainchild

    (n.) original idea or invention

  • brand repositioning

    (n.) changing a brand's market image

  • breach

    (n.) breaking or violation of rules

  • break

    (n./v.) to separate into pieces

  • break into

    (phr. v.) enter forcibly or suddenly

  • breath

    (n.) air taken in or out of lungs

  • breathe

    (v.) to inhale and exhale air

  • brief

    (adj./n.) short in duration or length

  • brilliant

    (adj.) extraordinary intelligence or talent

  • bring

    (v.) to carry or lead to a place

  • bring about

    (phr. v.) to cause or induce

  • bring into

    (phr. v.) introduce or incorporate

  • broaden

    (v.) widen or expand

  • brochure

    (n.) informational paper or pamphlet

  • build

    (v.) construct or assemble

  • buildings

    (n.) structures created for shelter

  • buoyant

    (adj.) tending to float or rise

  • burden

    (n./v.) load or heavy responsibility

  • burgeon

    (v.) grow rapidly or flourish

  • burgeoning

    (adj.) fast-growing or expanding

  • bushfire

    (n.) wildfire in shrubland

  • business fraternity

    (n.) community of professionals

  • bust

    (n./v.) collapse or failure

  • busted

    (adj./v.) broken or caught

  • by chance

    (adv. phr.) accidentally or unexpectedly

  • cabinet

    (n.) furniture for storage or government body

  • call for

    (phr. v.) to demand or request urgently

  • calmed down

    (v.) become less agitated

  • campaign

    (n.) organized effort for a goal

  • cane

    (n.) stick used for support or punishment

  • canvassed

    (v.) persuaded or solicited opinions

  • captivate

    (v.) hold interest or attention

  • capture

    (n./v.) take control or possession

  • carbon neutral

    (adj.) no net carbon emissions

  • career

    (n.) profession or occupation

  • cargo

    (n.) goods transported by ship or aircraft

  • carousel

    (n.) moving circular platform for displays

  • carry out

    (phr. v.) perform or execute tasks

  • cart

    (n./v.) wheeled vehicle for carrying items

  • carve out

    (phr. v.) create or establish

  • cast

    (v./n.) mould or throw forcibly

  • catalyst

    (n.) something that triggers change

  • catastrophic

    (adj.) causing great damage

  • cater to

    (phr. v.) provide for or satisfy needs

  • Catholic church

    (n.) Christian religious institution

  • cattle

    (n.) domestic bovine animals

  • cause

    (n./v.) reason for an action

  • ceaseless

    (adj.) without stopping

  • celestial

    (adj.) related to the sky or heavens

  • cement

    (n./v.) bind or solidify substances

  • censorship

    (n.) suppression of unacceptable content

  • central

    (adj.) main or key point

  • certain adverse effect

    (n. phr.) known negative outcome

  • chained

    (adj.) linked or restrained

  • challenge

    (n./v.) test of ability or difficulty

  • champion

    (n./v.) defend or support strongly

  • chance

    (n.) probability of something happening

  • change

    (n./v.) make different or alter

  • change clothes

    (phr. v.) put on different apparel

  • channel

    (n./v.) medium for communication or passage

  • chemotherapy

    (n.) cancer treatment using chemicals

  • cherish

    (v.) value highly or love

  • childcare

    (n.) caring for children

  • choose

    (v.) opt for or select

  • chronic

    (adj.) long-lasting or recurring

  • circuit

    (n.) closed loop of electrical or other elements

  • circuit tag

    (n.) symbol indicating circuit completeness

  • circulate

    (v.) move or distribute among people

  • circulatory system

    (n.) transports blood and nutrients

  • citrus

    (n./adj.) fruit from citrus trees, like oranges

  • civic

    (adj.) relating to city or community

  • class

    (n.) group of students or category

  • clear

    (adj./v.) easy to see or understand

  • clique

    (n.) small exclusive group

  • close

    (adj./v./adj.) nearby or shutting

  • clutch

    (n./v.) grip tightly or vehicle clutch

  • clutch shot

    (n.) urgent or last-minute attempt

  • coalition

    (n.) temporary alliance of groups

  • cocktail of music

    (n. phr.) mix of musical styles

  • cohesive

    (adj.) united and well-integrated

  • coincident

    (adj.) happening simultaneously

  • coined

    (v.) created new words or phrases

  • collaborative

    (adj.) working together effectively

  • collective

    (adj./n.) done by a group or many

  • combat

    (n./v.) fight or struggle against

  • combustion

    (n.) burning process

  • come into

    (phr. v.) enter or become active

  • come under

    (phr. v.) be affected by or subjected to

  • come up with

    (phr. v.) think of or produce

  • comfortable

    (adj.) personal ease or physical comfort

  • commemorate

    (v.) honor or remember

  • commission

    (n./v.) authorize or assign

  • commissioned

    (adj./v.) officially appointed

  • commit

    (v.) pledge or carry out

  • commit crimes

    (v. phr.) perpetrate illegal acts

  • commitment

    (n.) promise or dedication

  • common

    (adj.) occurring frequently or widely shared

  • communal

    (adj.) belonging to a community or group

  • communication

    (n.) exchange of information or ideas

  • company

    (n.) business organization or enterprise

  • comparison

    (n.) examining similarities and differences

  • compelling

    (adj.) persuading irresistibly or forcefully

  • compensate for

    (v.) make up for loss or deficiency

  • competency

    (n.) ability or skill to do something

  • competent

    (adj.) having suitable skill or knowledge

  • competition

    (n.) struggle for superiority or victory

  • competitive

    (adj.) relating to rivalry for advantage

  • complacent

    (adj.) self-satisfied, unaware of potential danger

  • complaint

    (n.) expression of dissatisfaction or protest

  • complement

    (n.) something that enhances or completes

  • complete

    (adj./v.) having all parts; finished

  • compliance standards

    (n. phr.) rules to ensure adherence

  • compliment

    (n./v.) praise or flattering remark

  • comply

    (v.) act according to rules or wishes

  • comply with

    (v. phr.) obedient to rules or requests

  • component

    (n.) part of a larger whole

  • compound

    (n./v./adj.) substance made of two or more elements

  • comprehension

    (n.) understanding or grasp of meaning

  • comprehensive

    (adj.) including all aspects or details

  • compression

    (n.) act of pressing or squeezing together

  • comprise

    (v.) consist of; to include or contain

  • compromise

    (n./v.) settlement of disagreement

  • compulsory

    (adj.) mandatory or obligatory

  • conceal

    (v.) hides from view or detection

  • concentrate on

    (v. phr.) focus attention on

  • concentration

    (n.) focus of mental effort

  • concern

    (n./v.) worry or interest in something

  • concerted

    (adj.) performed or carried out together

  • condemned

    (adj./v.) expresses strong disapproval

  • condition

    (n.) state of being or situation

  • conducive

    (adj.) favoring or promoting something

  • conduct

    (n./v.) way of acting or behavior

  • confess

    (v.) admit to wrongdoing or fault

  • confidence

    (n.) self-assurance or trust

  • confidential

    (adj.) meant to be kept secret

  • confine

    (v./n.) restrict within limits

  • confiscate

    (v.) take away by authority

  • conflict

    (n./v.) serious disagreement or fight

  • confront

    (v.) face boldly or oppose

  • conglomerate

    (n./v.) large corporation of diverse companies

  • congregate

    (v.) gather or come together

  • conquer

    (v.) defeat or overcome by force

  • consecutive

    (adj.) following in uninterrupted order

  • conserve

    (v.) use resources wisely

  • consider

    (v.) think about carefully

  • considerable

    (adj.) size or importance

  • consideration

    (n.) thoughtfulness or carefulness

  • consist

    (v.) be made up or composed of

  • consistency

    (n.) uniformity over time

  • consistent

    (adj.) acting or done in the same way over time, especially so as to be fair or accurate

  • consistently

    (adv.) regularly or invariably

  • consonant

    (n.) harmonious; matching sounds

  • consonants

    (n.) speech sounds formed with constriction

  • consortium

    (n.) group working jointly

  • conspicuous

    (adj.) easily noticeable or obvious

  • conspiracy

    (n.) secret plan to do something harmful

  • constant

    (adj./n.) unchanging or regular

  • constantly

    (adv.) all the time; continuously

  • consternation

    (n.) feelings of anxiety or dismay

  • constitute

    (v.) form or make up

  • constraints

    (n.) limitations or restrictions

  • construction site

    (n.) area where building occurs

  • constructive

    (adj.) helpful or building up

  • consume

    (v.) use up or eat

  • consummate

    (adj./v.) complete or perfect in skill

  • contact

    (n./v.) state of touching or communicating

  • contagious

    (adj.) yielding infection or disease

  • contemplating

    (v.) thinking deeply about

  • contemporary

    (adj./n.) belonging to the same time period

  • contend

    (v.) argue or strive in competition

  • contention

    (n.) dispute or debate

  • contentious

    (adj.) causing disagreement or argument

  • context

    (n.) situation giving meaning

  • context in essay

    (n.) surrounding information in writing

  • continent

    (n.) lreammass of land on Earth

  • continue

    (v.) address of ongoing action

  • contract

    (n./v.) formal agreement or become smaller

  • contradicts

    (v.) denies or opposes statements

  • control

    (n./v.) power to influence or manage

  • controversial

    (adj.) debatable or contentious

  • conventional

    (adj.) adhering to traditional standards

  • conversely

    (adv.) in an opposite manner

  • convey

    (v.) communicate or express

  • conviction

    (n.) strong belief or opinion

  • convincing

    (adj.) persuasive or believable

  • coordination

    (n.) organized cooperation

  • cope with

    (v.) deal successfully with

  • cornerstone

    (n.) fundamental or essential element

  • correspond to

    (v.) match or be equivalent to

  • correspondence

    (n.) communication by writing

  • corresponding

    (adj.) having similar or matching parts

  • cosmetic

    (adj./n.) relating to appearance or beauty

  • cosmo

    (n.) short for cosmos or universe

  • cosmopolitan

    (adj./n.) worldly or internationally sophisticated

  • could otherwise be used to

    (v. phr.) alternative application

  • counsel

    (n./v.) advice or legal advisor

  • courage

    (n.) ability to face fear or adversity

  • course

    (n.) path or route; a class of study

  • cover

    (v./n.) to place over or upon something; to protect

  • crack down on

    (v.) to enforce rules strictly

  • create a striking contrast

    (v. phr.) to show a clear difference

  • creative

    (adj.) having original ideas or imagination

  • credential

    (n.) a qualification or achievement proving ability

  • credit

    (n./v.) recognition for an accomplishment; loan money

  • crime

    (n.) illegal activity

  • cringe

    (v./n.) to recoil in fear or embarrassment

  • cringing over

    (v.) to show embarrassment or discomfort

  • criteria

    (n.) standards for judgment or decision

  • criterion

    (n.) a single standard for judgment

  • critical

    (adj.) very important; pointing out faults

  • criticism

    (n.) expressing disapproval or evaluation

  • critics

    (n.) people who evaluate or judge

  • crops up

    (v. phr.) appears unexpectedly

  • crucial

    (adj.) vital or essential

  • crutch

    (n.) assistive device for support

  • crying

    (n./v.) shedding tears due to emotion

  • culmination

    (n.) highest or final point

  • cultivate

    (v.) to grow or develop; encourage

  • cultural heritage

    (n. phr.) traditions and artifacts of a group

  • curable

    (adj.) able to be healed or fixed

  • curb

    (v./n.) to restrain or limit

  • current

    (adj./n.) happening now; up-to-date

  • curriculum

    (n.) organized course of study

  • cushion

    (n./v.) padding to soften impact or support

  • cushion over

    (v. phr.) to soften or reduce in severity

  • custodian

    (n.) keeper or guardian

  • custom

    (n.) established practice or tradition

  • customer

    (n.) individual who purchases goods or services

  • customs

    (n.) regulations on imported or exported items

  • daily

    (adj./adv.) occurring every day

  • damage

    (n./v.) harm or injury

  • dampen

    (v.) to make less strong or intense

  • dangerous

    (adj.) able to cause harm

  • darn

    (interj./v.) mild expression of frustration

  • daunting

    (adj.) intimidating or challenging

  • deal with

    (v. phr.) to handle or manage

  • dealing with

    (v. phr.) managing or addressing

  • death care industry

    (n. phr.) services for end-of-life arrangements

  • death toll

    (n. phr.) total fatalities from an event

  • debt

    (n.) amount owed or due

  • decent

    (adj.) acceptable; respectful

  • deceptive

    (adj.) misleading or false

  • decision

    (n.) choice or judgment made after consideration

  • decisive

    (adj.) binding or conclusive

  • declines

    (v.) gradual decreases

  • declining

    (adj./v.) becoming less or weaker

  • dedicate

    (v.) to devote time or effort

  • dedicated

    (adj.) committed or devoted

  • deduce

    (v.) to infer or conclude from evidence

  • deed

    (n.) an act or action; legal document

  • deep

    (adj./v.) extending far down or inward

  • deepen

    (v.) to make or become deeper

  • deepens

    (v.) becomes more intense or profound

  • defiantly

    (adv.) intentionally disobedient

  • deficit

    (n.) amount by which expenses exceed income

  • dejected

    (adj.) dejected, disappointed or sad

  • delicate

    (adj.) easily broken or damaged

  • delicate aisle

    (n. phr.) narrow walkway; fragile space

  • deliver

    (v.) to bring or hand over; to fulfill

  • demand

    (n./v.) insistence or request strongly

  • demanding

    (adj.) requiring much effort or attention

  • demeanor

    (n.) behavior or outward manner

  • democratize

    (v.) to make accessible or equal

  • demographics

    (n.) characteristics of a population

  • demonstrate

    (v.) to show clearly through examples

  • depletion

    (n.) reducing of a resource

  • deploy

    (v.) to position or arrange troops or resources

  • depression

    (n.) mental health condition or economic downturn

  • dept

    (n.) short for department or debt

  • depth

    (n.) distance from top to bottom

  • derive

    (v.) to obtain or receive from source

  • deserve

    (v.) be worthy of reward or punishment

  • desire

    (n./v.) difficult to resist longing

  • desperate

    (adj.) feeling hopeless or extreme

  • destroy

    (v.) to ruin completely

  • destructive

    (adj.) harmful or damaging

  • detailed

    (adj.) including many specific parts

  • detective

    (n./adj.) investigator solving crimes

  • detector

    (n.) device that identifies or finds

  • deter

    (v.) to discourage or prevent from acting

  • deteriorate

    (v.) to worsen or decline

  • deteriorates

    (v.) becomes worse over time

  • deteriorating

    (adj./v.) worsening process

  • determination

    (n.) firmness of purpose

  • determine

    (v.) to decide or conclude

  • deterrent

    (n./adj.) thing that discourages action

  • detrimental

    (adj.) harmful or damaging

  • devastation

    (n.) widespread destruction

  • develop

    (v.) to grow or advance

  • development

    (n.) process of growth or change

  • develops

    (v.) progresses or matures

  • deviate from normal path

    (v. phr.) to stray from usual course

  • device

    (n.) tool or gadget for a specific purpose

  • devise

    (v.) Create or invent by careful thought

  • devote

    (v.) Dedicate time or effort to something

  • dictatorship

    (n.) Government by a single ruler with absolute power

  • difference

    (n.) The state of being unlike or distinct

  • difficult

    (adj.) Hard to do or understand

  • difficulty

    (n.) Challenge or hardship

  • dignity

    (n.) State of being worthy of respect

  • diluted

    (adj.) Made weaker or thinner by adding liquid

  • dimension

    (n.) Measurement of length, width, or height

  • diploma

    (n.) Certificate awarded for completing education

  • diplomatic

    (adj.) Relating to managing international relations

  • disadvantage

    (n.) Unfavorable condition or position

  • disappointment

    (n.) Emotion of sadness due to unmet expectations

  • disapprove of

    (v. phr.) Hold a negative opinion about something

  • disastrous

    (adj.) Causing great damage or failure

  • discernible

    (adj.) Able to be perceived or distinguished

  • discerning

    (adj.) Having good judgment or insight

  • disclose

    (v.) Reveal or make known information

  • disconcerting

    (adj.) Causing unease or confusion

  • discontent

    (n.) Dissatisfaction or unrest

  • discourage

    (v.) Hinder or dissuade from action

  • discover

    (v.) Find something previously unknown

  • discretionary

    (adj.) Left to personal judgment or choice

  • discriminatory

    (adj.) Treating people unfairly based on differences

  • discuss

    (v.) Talk about with others

  • discussion

    (n.) Exchange of ideas or opinions

  • disease

    (n.) Illness affecting the body or mind

  • disguise

    (v./n.) Conceal identity or appearance

  • disobedience

    (n.) Failure to obey rules or authority

  • disparity

    (n.) Significant difference or inequality

  • dispel

    (v.) Make a doubt, feeling, or belief disappear

  • display

    (v./n.) Show or exhibit publicly

  • dispose of

    (v. phr.) Get rid of or throw away

  • dispute

    (n./v.) Debate or argument over something

  • disregard

    (v./n.) Ignore or pay no attention to

  • disrupt

    (v.) Interrupt or disturb progress

  • dissatisfaction

    (n.) Unhappiness with current situation

  • disseminate

    (v.) Spread widely or actively

  • dissenting opinion

    (n. phr.) Different or opposing viewpoint

  • distilled

    (v./adj.) Purified through condensation

  • distinguish

    (v.) Recognize as different

  • distort

    (v.) Twist or misrepresent facts

  • distorted

    (adj.) Twisted out of shape or inaccurate

  • distract

    (v.) Divert attention from something

  • disturb

    (v.) Interrupt peace or calm

  • disturbing

    (adj.) Cause worry or distress

  • dive in

    (v. phr.) Start doing something with enthusiasm

  • dive into

    (v. phr.) Begin something with energy

  • diverse

    (adj.) Showing variety or difference

  • diversified

    (adj.) Varied in type or form

  • do well

    (v. phr.) Perform successfully

  • domain

    (n.) Area of influence or control

  • domestic

    (adj.) Related to home or internal affairs

  • domesticate

    (v.) Tame or train animals or plants

  • domesticated

    (adj.) Made fit for home use or training

  • dominant

    (adj.) Having control or influence

  • domino

    (n.) Small rectangular tile in a game

  • dormitory

    (n.) Shared sleeping accommodation

  • dosage

    (n.) Amount of medicine or drug to be taken

  • doubt

    (n./v.) Feeling of uncertainty

  • dovish stance

    (n. phr.) Preference for peaceful policies in foreign affairs

  • Down Syndrome

    (n. phr.) A genetic disorder causing developmental issues

  • down the road

    (adv. phr.) In the future

  • downplay

    (v.) Minimize importance or seriousness

  • dramatic

    (adj.) Emotionally intense or striking

  • drastic

    (adj.) Severe or extreme

  • drastic decline

    (n. phr.) Sharp and sudden decrease

  • draw

    (v.) Make a picture or image with lines

  • draw up

    (v. phr.) Prepare a document or plan

  • drawback

    (n.) Disadvantage or limitation

  • dream

    (n./v.) Series of thoughts or images during sleep

  • driving

    (n./adj.) Operating a vehicle

  • driving force

    (n. phr.) Main motivation or energy behind an action

  • drought

    (n.) Extended period of low rainfall

  • drown

    (v.) Die by submersion in water

  • dual mandate

    (n. phr.) Two main responsibilities or goals

  • dub

    (v.) Give a nickname or nickname to

  • dubious facts and figures

    (n. phr.) Doubtful or suspicious data

  • due diligence

    (n. phr.) Careful investigation before decision

  • dump

    (v./n.) Carelessly dispose of waste

  • dune

    (n.) Wind-built hill of sand

  • duplicate

    (v./n.) Exact copy of something

  • duty

    (n.) Responsibility or obligation

  • dwell

    (v.) Live in or at a place

  • dwellings

    (n.) Habitable structures or homes

  • dynamical

    (adj.) Relating to force or motion

  • dynasty

    (n.) Series of rulers from the same family

  • earn

    (v.) Receive income for work or service

  • ease

    (v./n.) Make less difficult or tense

  • easing cycle

    (n. phr.) Period of gradual improvement

  • easy

    (adj.) Not difficult or hard

  • economic

    (adj.) Relating to economy or finance

  • economy

    (n.) System of production and consumption

  • ecosystem

    (n.) Community of interacting organisms and environment

  • edible plants

    (n. phr.) Plants safe for eating

  • edifices

    (n.) Large, imposing buildings

  • education

    (n.) Process of learning or schooling

  • effect

    (n.) Result or consequence of action

  • effective

    (adj.) Producing the desired result

  • effervescence

    (n.) Bubbling and fizzing in a liquid

  • efficiency

    (n.) Performing tasks with minimal waste

  • efficiency of movement

    (n.) the rate of movement with minimal waste

  • effort

    (n.) physical or mental exertion to achieve something

  • eke out

    (v.) to make something last or be used slowly

  • elaborate

    (adj./v.) detailed and complicated in design or planning

  • elect

    (v.) to choose by voting or decision

  • elicit

    (v.) to draw out or evoke a response

  • elicited

    (adj./v.) obtained or brought out through effort

  • eliminate

    (v.) to remove or get rid of

  • elite

    (n./adj.) the best or most skilled group

  • embark on

    (v. phr.) to begin a journey or project

  • emergency

    (n.) sudden urgent situation requiring immediate action

  • empathy

    (n.) ability to understand others' feelings

  • emphasis

    (n.) prominence given to something

  • emphasize

    (v.) to stress or highlight importance

  • empower

    (v.) to give power or authority to

  • encounter

    (n./v.) to come across or meet unexpectedly

  • encourage

    (v.) to give support or confidence

  • encouraging

    (adj.) giving hope or confidence

  • endanger

    (v.) to put at risk of harm

  • endemic

    (adj.) regularly found in a particular area

  • endorphin

    (n.) hormone that relieves pain and boosts mood

  • endure

    (v.) to withstand hardship or pain

  • energy

    (n.) capacity to do work or activity

  • enforce

    (v.) to compel observance of law or rules

  • engage in

    (v. phr.) to participate actively in

  • engulf

    (v.) to swallow up or surround entirely

  • enhance

    (v.) to improve or increase quality

  • enjoy

    (v.) to take pleasure in

  • enlight

    (v.) to inform or give greater knowledge

  • enlightened

    (adj./v.) having knowledge or insight

  • enormous

    (adj.) very large or great in size

  • ensure

    (v.) to make certain of something

  • enterprise

    (n.) business or project

  • entertain

    (v.) to amuse or provide enjoyment

  • entertainment

    (n.) activities providing amusement or pleasure

  • enthusiasm

    (n.) intense interest or excitement

  • enticing

    (adj.) tempting or attractive

  • entity

    (n.) something that exists as a distinct unit

  • entrepreneur

    (n.) person who starts and runs a business

  • enviable

    (adj.) desirable or admirable

  • episodic

    (adj.) consisting of separate episodes

  • equipment

    (n.) necessary tools or machinery

  • era

    (n.) distinct period in history

  • eradicate

    (v.) to completely eliminate or destroy

  • erode

    (v.) to gradually wear away

  • erratic

    (adj.) unpredictable and inconsistent

  • escalation

    (n.) rapid increase or intensification

  • escape

    (n./v.) to break free from confinement

  • escape from

    (v. phr.) to flee or avoid

  • escort

    (n./v.) to accompany in departure or journey

  • escorting

    (n.) acting as a guide or protector

  • establish

    (v.) to set up or found

  • establishment

    (n.) organization or institution

  • estimate

    (n./v.) approximate calculation or judgment

  • ethanol

    (n.) alcohol used as fuel or in beverages

  • ethic

    (n.) moral principles guiding behavior

  • ethnic

    (adj.) relating to a particular cultural group

  • etiquette

    (n.) accepted social manners

  • evade

    (v.) to avoid or escape pursuit

  • evaluate

    (v.) to assess or appraise

  • even worse

    (phr.) more unfavorable or severe

  • evidence

    (n.) facts supporting a claim or belief

  • evident

    (adj.) obvious or clear to see

  • evolve

    (v.) to develop gradually

  • ewe

    (n.) female sheep

  • exacerbate

    (v.) to make worse

  • exaggerate

    (v.) to overstate or magnify

  • examination

    (n.) formal inspection or test

  • excavate

    (v.) to dig out from the ground

  • excellent

    (adj.) of high quality

  • excess

    (n./adj.) more than necessary

  • excessive

    (adj.) too much or unnecessary

  • exclude

    (v.) to leave out or deny access

  • exclusion

    (n.) the act of keeping out

  • exemption

    (n.) freedom from obligation

  • exercise

    (n./v.) physical activity for health

  • exert

    (v.) to apply effort or force

  • exhale

    (v.) to breathe out

  • exhaust

    (v./n.) to tire out or use up

  • exhausted

    (adj.) tired or drained of energy

  • exhibit

    (n./v.) to display publicly

  • exhume

    (v.) to dig out from the ground

  • exist

    (v.) to have actual being

  • existing

    (adj.) currently in place or use

  • exit

    (n./v.) way out or departure

  • exorable

    (adj.) appealing to persuade

  • exorbitant

    (adj.) unreasonably high in price

  • exotic

    (adj.) unusual or foreign

  • expand

    (v.) to enlarge or grow

  • expenditure

    (n.) spending of money

  • experience

    (n./v.) knowledge gained through events

  • expiration

    (n.) the end of a valid period

  • explain

    (v.) to make clear or understandable

  • exploit

    (v.) to utilize or make unfair use of

  • explore

    (v.) to examine or investigate

  • express

    (v.) to convey thoughts or feelings

  • extensive

    (adj.) covering a large area or scope

  • extinct

    (adj.) no longer in existence

  • extract

    (v.) to remove or take out

  • extracting

    (v.) the process of removing or obtaining

  • extraterrestrial

    (adj.) originating outside earth or its atmosphere

  • extremist

    (n.) advocates extreme political or religious views

  • face

    (n.) front part of head containing eyes, nose, mouth

  • facilitate

    (v.) makes easier or less difficult

  • fail to

    (phr.) not succeed in doing something

  • fair

    (adj.) rewardingly just or unbiased

  • Fair Trading

    (n.) regulatory practice on fair business

  • faking

    (v.) pretending or making fake version

  • falls

    (v./n.) decreases or declines; drops

  • falsified

    (v.) intentionally made false or misleading

  • falsify

    (v.) alter or forge to deceive

  • fashion

    (n.) popular style in clothing or behavior

  • fast food culture

    (n.) quick-prepared meals culture

  • fathom

    (v./n.) understand deeply or measure water depth

  • favourable

    (adj.) indicating approval or positive outcome

  • fear

    (n./v.) strong uneasy emotion caused by danger

  • feasible

    (adj.) possible or achievable

  • fend

    (v.) resist or defend against attack

  • fermentation

    (n.) chemical process producing alcohol or acids

  • fermented

    (adj./v.) produced by fermentation

  • fervent

    (adj.) passionate or intensely enthusiastic

  • fibre

    (n.) textile or dietary component

  • fiction

    (n.) made-up or imaginary story

  • fierce

    (adj.) intensely aggressive or violent

  • fiery

    (adj.) consisting of fire or volatile

  • figure out

    (phr. v.) understand or solve

  • file

    (n./v.) collection of documents or arrange systematically

  • financial

    (adj.) relating to finance or money

  • financial crisis

    (n.) severe economic downturn

  • firm

    (adj./n.) strong or solid; company or business

  • fiscal problem

    (n.) payment or budget issue

  • fist pump

    (n.) greeting or celebration gesture

  • flawed detail

    (n.) error or imperfection in detail

  • flawless

    (adj.) perfect without mistakes

  • fledgling

    (n./adj.) new or inexperienced

  • floating

    (v./gerund) set on water or in air

  • flock

    (n./v.) group of birds or animals

  • flourishes

    (v.) grows or prospers vigorously

  • fluctuate

    (v.) move irregularly up or down

  • fluctuation

    (n.) irregular change or variation

  • flywheel effect

    (n.) momentum gained over time

  • foliage

    (n.) leaves of plants or trees

  • follow

    (v.) come after or adhere to

  • following up

    (v. phr.) continuing or pursuing further

  • food labeling

    (n.) information on packaging

  • food stall

    (n.) small place selling food

  • for everyone on hand

    (phr.) available for all present

  • foray

    (n.) brief raid or initial venture

  • forbid

    (v.) prohibit or disallow

  • force

    (n./v.) use strength to make happen

  • foreign

    (adj.) from another country

  • foresee

    (v.) predict or expect in advance

  • forfeit

    (v./n.) lose or give up due to penalty

  • forgettable blips

    (n.) temporary insignificant events

  • fork out

    (phr. v.) pay money reluctantly

  • fork out on

    (phr. v.) v spend money on

  • form cliques

    (v.) create exclusive groups

  • formidable

    (adj.) inspiring fear or respect

  • formulate

    (v.) develop or devise carefully

  • fortitude

    (n.) strength of mind to overcome adversity

  • fortune

    (n.) luck or wealth

  • foster

    (v.) nurture or promote developement

  • fragile

    (adj.) easily broken or damaged

  • franchise

    (n.) license to operate

  • Frankenstein

    (n.) monster created from assembled parts

  • fraud

    (n.) deceit for personal gain

  • freebie

    (n.) free item or reward

  • freedom

    (n.) state of being free from restrictions

  • freight service

    (n.) transportation of goods

  • frequent

    (adj./v.) often happening

  • friction

    (n.) conflict or resistance between surfaces

  • friendship

    (n.) close bond between friends

  • fringe

    (n.) outer edge or margin

  • fringe player

    (n.) peripheral or less important participant

  • fruitful

    (adj.) producing good results or crops

  • fuel

    (n./v.) substance providing energy

  • fulfill

    (v.) meet expectations or complete requirements

  • fulfilling

    (adj./v.) satisfying or rewarding

  • full

    (adj.) containing maximum capacity

  • fundamental

    (adj.) basic or essential

  • fundraising

    (n.) collecting money for a cause

  • further

    (adv./v.) additional or to a greater extent

  • gadget

    (n.) small device or tool

  • gain

    (n./v.) obtain or achieve successfully

  • garner

    (v.) collect or gather over time

  • gather

    (v.) bring together or assemble

  • gauge

    (n./v.) measure or assess

  • genealogically

    (adv.) relating to family history

  • general

    (adj./n.) basic or overall

  • generate

    (v.) produce or create

  • genuine

    (adj.) authentic or real

  • geopolitical

    (adj.) relating to politics and geography

  • geothermal

    (adj.) relating to heat within earth

  • get across

    (phrasal v.) convey or communicate clearly

  • get busy with chores

    (phr.) start doing household tasks

  • get rid of

    (phr.) eliminate or discard

  • gets the full tax credit

    (phr.) receives maximum tax benefits

  • gimmick

    (n.) device or trick to attract attention

  • give

    (v.) bestow or offer freely

  • give rise to

    (v.) produce or cause something to happen, especially a negative effect

  • give up

    (v.) stop trying or quit

  • globalization

    (n.) process of worldwide integration of markets and cultures

  • golden

    (adj.) resembling or made of gold, very valuable or excellent

  • goods

    (n.) tangible products for sale or trade

  • goofball

    (n.) silly or eccentric person

  • government

    (n.) governing body of a nation or community

  • grab

    (v.) seize or grasp suddenly

  • gradual

    (adj.) happening slowly over time

  • graffiti

    (n.) unauthorized writing or drawings on walls

  • grain

    (n.) small seeds of cereal plants or their edible seeds

  • grapple

    (v.) engage in a close fight or struggle

  • grasp

    (v.) seize firmly or understand deeply

  • grasping

    (adj.) eager or greedy for something

  • grave

    (n.) serious or somber; burial site; danger indicator

  • great

    (adj.) very good or large in size or importance

  • grieve

    (v.) feel deep sorrow or sadness

  • grim

    (adj.) depressing, harsh, or uninviting

  • grin

    (n.) smile broadly

  • grind out this round

    (phr.) produce something with effort over time

  • grip

    (n.) hold tightly or firmly

  • grit

    (n.) courage and resolve; sand or abrasive material

  • groundbreaking

    (adj.) innovative or pioneering

  • groundless

    (adj.) without basis or justification

  • growing

    (adj.) increasing or developing

  • growth

    (n.) process of increasing in size, number, or importance

  • guarantee

    (n.) promise to ensure or secure

  • gust

    (n.) sudden strong rush of wind

  • habit

    (n.) regular behavior or practice

  • hacker

    (n.) person who gains unauthorized computer access

  • hallucinates

    (v.) perceives things that are not present

  • halt

    (v.) bring to a stop; stop completely

  • hamper

    (v.) hinder or impede progress

  • handcuff

    (n.) restraining device for wrists

  • handle

    (n.) manage or control; part used to hold or carry

  • harmful

    (adj.) causing damage or injury

  • harmonious

    (adj.) forming a pleasing or balanced whole

  • harsh

    (adj.) severe or unkind

  • hastily

    (adv.) quickly and without care

  • haunt

    (v.) frequently visit or linger in memory

  • have

    (v.) possess or hold

  • have a knack for

    (phr.) be naturally good at

  • have an edge

    (phr.) possess an advantage

  • have fewer

    (phr.) possess a smaller quantity or number

  • have more

    (phr.) possess a greater amount

  • havoc

    (n.) widespread destruction or chaos

  • headwind

    (n.) resisting or opposing force

  • health

    (n.) overall physical and mental well-being

  • heated

    (adj.) emotionally intense or aggressive

  • heatwave

    (n.) prolonged period of excessive heat

  • heavy

    (adj.) of great weight or density

  • hectic

    (adj.) very busy or frenzied

  • heed

    (v.) pay close attention to

  • hefty

    (adj.) large or heavy; substantial

  • heighten

    (v.) increase or intensify

  • hemp

    (n.) plant used for fibers or oil

  • herbicide

    (n.) chemical to kill plants, weeds, or grasses

  • herder

    (n.) person who tends to livestock

  • hereditary

    (adj.) passed down through family genes

  • hierarchical

    (adj.) arranged in levels of importance or rank

  • hierarchy

    (n.) system of ranks or levels

  • high academic standards

    (phr.) strict educational requirements

  • highlight

    (v.) emphasize or make prominent

  • hinder

    (v.) create difficulties or obstacles

  • hindrance

    (n.) obstacle or impediment

  • historical

    (adj.) related to past events or times

  • hobby

    (n.) leisure activity for pleasure

  • hodgepodge

    (n.) mixture of different things

  • hold

    (v.) grasp or support; maintain or keep

  • holistic

    (adj.) considering all parts of a whole

  • Holy Grail

    (n. phr.) ultimate goal or ideal

  • horizontal

    (adj.) parallel to the ground

  • hostile

    (adj.) unfriendly or antagonistic

  • human intervention

    (phr.) human action to influence outcomes

  • humanoid robot

    (n. phr.) robot resembling a human in appearance and behavior

  • humiliating

    (adj.) causing embarrassment or shame

  • humiliation

    (n.) state of loss of dignity

  • hurdles

    (plural n.) obstacles to progress or achievement

  • hurricane

    (n.) large storm with strong winds and rain

  • hybrid and combustion engine vehicles

    (phr.) vehicles with combined or traditional engines

  • hypothesis

    (n.) proposed explanation needing testing

  • hypothetical

    (adj.) based on a guess or speculation

  • ideal

    (n./adj.) perfect or most suitable

  • identify

    (v.) recognize or determine the identity of

  • ideological construct

    (n. phr.) conceptual framework based on beliefs or ideas

  • ignite

    (v.) catch fire or start combustion; spark interest

  • ignore

    (v.) pay no attention to

  • illicit

    (adj.) forbidden by law or custom

  • imbalance

    (n.) lack of equilibrium or proportion

  • immediate

    (adj.) happening without delay

  • immense

    (adj.) extremely large or great

  • imminent

    (adj.) about to happen soon

  • impair

    (v.) weaken or damage

  • impart

    (v.) convey or bestow information or qualities

  • impending

    (adj.) about to happen soon

  • imperative

    (adj.) -essential or urgent

  • imperishable

    (adj.) -lasting forever, indestructible

  • implant

    (v.) -insert into body or surface

  • implement

    (v.) -to carry out or execute

  • implications

    (n.) -consequences or effects

  • imply

    (v.) -to suggest indirectly

  • important

    (adj.) -significant or valuable

  • impose

    (v.) -to force or set upon

  • impression

    (n.) -lasting effect or image

  • improbable

    (adj.) -unlikely to happen

  • improper

    (adj.) -not suitable or correct

  • improve

    (v.) -to make better

  • improvement

    (n.) -increase in quality or value

  • impulse buying

    (n.) -spontaneous purchasing act

  • impurities

    (n.) -foreign or harmful substances

  • in a row

    (phr.) -consecutively without stop

  • in descending order

    (phr.) -from highest to lowest

  • in good stead

    (phr.) -in a favorable position

  • in hindsight

    (phr.) -understanding after event

  • in sequence

    (phr.) -in proper order

  • in spite of

    (phr.) -despite or although

  • in total

    (phr.) -completely or entirely

  • inability

    (n.) lack of ability or capacity

  • inadvertently

    (adv.) -unintentionally or accidentally

  • inaugural

    (adj.) -first or initial event

  • inauguration

    (n.) -official opening or ceremony

  • incarcerate

    (v.) -to put in prison

  • incarnation

    (n.) -human or animal form of spirit

  • inception

    (n.) -start or beginning

  • incident

    (n.) -unexpected event

  • inclusion

    (n.) -act of including or containing

  • increase

    (n./v.) -to become greater

  • increases

    (v.) -multiple instances of growth

  • increasing

    (v./adj.) -growing or becoming larger

  • incremental

    (adj.) -by small amounts gradually

  • inculcate

    (v.) -to teach or impress mentally

  • incur

    (v.) -to bring upon oneself

  • incurable

    (adj.) -not able to be healed

  • indefatigable

    (adj.) -tireless or persistent

  • indelible

    (adj.) -lasting or unforgettable

  • indifferent

    (adj.) -showing no concern

  • indigenous

    (adj.) -native to a region

  • indispensable

    (adj.) -essential or necessary

  • individual

    (n./adj.) -one person or thing

  • indulge

    (v.) -to allow oneself pleasure

  • industrial

    (adj.) -relating to industry or manufacturing

  • Industrial Revolution

    (n.) -period of industrial growth

  • industry

    (n.) -economic activity of producing goods

  • inevitable

    (adj.) -unavoidable or certain

  • inexorable

    (adj.) -impossible to stop

  • inextricable

    (adj.) -inseparable or impossible to disentangle

  • infectious

    (adj.) -contagious or transmitting disease

  • inferior

    (adj.) -below standard quality

  • infertile

    (adj.) -incapable of producing children or crops

  • inflammatory

    (adj.) -causing inflammation or anger

  • inflammatory conditions

    (n. phr.) -causing swelling or irritation

  • inflation

    (n.) -increase in prices or money supply

  • inflict

    (v.) -to cause or impose (pain, damage)

  • influence

    (n./v.) -effect or power to affect

  • inform

    (v.) -to give information or knowledge

  • information

    (n.) -data or facts

  • infringe on

    (phr.) -to violate or trespass

  • infringement

    (n.) -violation of rights or laws

  • infuse

    (v.) -to inject or introduce gradually

  • inherent

    (adj.) -naturally existing or characteristic

  • initiate

    (v.) -to begin or start

  • initiative

    (n.) -first step or movement

  • innovation

    (n.) -new idea or method

  • inorganic

    (adj.) -not originating in living matter

  • insist

    (v.) -to demand firmly

  • insolvent

    (adj.) -unable to pay debts

  • inspiration

    (n.) -sudden brilliant idea or influence

  • inspire

    (v.) -to motivate or stimulate

  • instill

    (v.) -to gradually introduce or implant

  • instill in

    (phr.) -to gradually teach or influence

  • instinct

    (n.) -natural innate tendency

  • institute

    (v./n.) -to set up or establish

  • institution

    (n.) -established organization or practice

  • instruction

    (n.) -guidance or teaching

  • instructor

    (n.) -teacher or coach

  • insurmountable

    (adj.) -too great to overcome

  • intact

    (adj.) -whole and undamaged

  • intellectually

    (adv.) -involving the mind or intellect

  • intense

    (adj.) -extreme or very strong

  • interest

    (n.) -curiosity or concern

  • interest rate cut

    (n. phr.) -reduction in borrowing cost

  • interfere

    (v.) -to disrupt or intervene

  • international

    (adj.) -between nations

  • intestines

    (n.) -digestive organs

  • intimate

    (adj./v.) -close or personal

  • intolerable

    (adj.) -unable to be endured

  • intrigue

    (n./v.) -mysterious or fascinating

  • intrinsic

    (adj.) -essential to something

  • introduce

    (v.) -to present or make known

  • intuition

    (n.) -instant understanding or insight

  • intuitive

    (adj.) -based on instinct or gut feeling

  • invaluable

    (adj.) -extremely useful or priceless

  • investigate

    (v.) examine systematically to uncover facts or information

  • invigorating

    (adj.) energizing and stimulating

  • involve

    (v.) include as a part or result of an action

  • involved in

    (v. phr.) participation or engagement in a activity

  • ironically

    (adv.) expressing irony or unexpected result

  • irrelevant

    (adj.) not related or applicable

  • irreparable

    (adj.) impossible to repair or fix

  • irresistible

    (adj.) strong attraction that can't be resisted

  • irrespective of

    (prep. phr.) regardless of; without regard to

  • irreversible

    (adj.) cannot be undone or reversed

  • irrigation

    (n.) supplying water to land for crops

  • irritating

    (adj.) causing annoyance or discomfort

  • is engulfed in

    (v. phr.) completely surrounded or covered by

  • is immersed in

    (v. phr.) deeply involved or absorbed in

  • is involved in

    (v. phr.) participating or engaged in an activity

  • is often played down

    (v. phr.) considered less important

  • isolated

    (adj.) separated from others

  • issue

    (n.) topic or problem for discussion or debate

  • it stems from

    (v. phr.) originates or arises from

  • jar

    (n.) depress or shock emotionally or physically

  • jarring

    (adj.) causing shock or a harsh effect

  • jeopardize

    (v.) put at risk or danger

  • jeopardy

    (n.) situation of exposure to danger

  • job cut

    (n.) reducing workforce or layoffs

  • join

    (v.) connect or become part of something

  • journey

    (n.) traversing from one place to another

  • jumps

    (v.) sudden increases or leaps

  • jurisdiction

    (n.) area of legal authority

  • justify

    (v.) show or prove to be right or reasonable

  • juvenile

    (adj./n.) pertaining to youth or young

  • keen

    (adj.) eager or enthusiastic

  • kick

    (v./n.) push with the foot or start suddenly

  • kick this into gear

    (v. phr.) accelerate or start an activity

  • kill

    (v.) end life or cause death

  • kindle

    (v.) ignite or stimulate interest

  • knowledge

    (n.) facts or information acquired

  • lack

    (n./v.) absence or deficiency of something

  • lamentable

    (adj.) pitiably bad or unfortunate

  • language

    (n.) system of communication

  • last night

    (adv.phr.) the previous night

  • lasting

    (adj.) enduring over time

  • latest

    (adj.) newest or most recent

  • launch

    (n./v.) begin or introduce formally

  • law

    (n.) system of rules enforceable by authority

  • lawn

    (n.) area of mowed grass outside a building

  • lawns

    (n.) plural of lawn; mowed grass areas

  • lay the foundation

    (v. phr.) set the basis for something

  • lead to

    (v. phr.) result in or cause

  • leadership

    (n.) position or function of leading

  • leaflet

    (n.) small printed paper for advertising or information

  • leapfrog

    (v.) overcome or bypass by new methods

  • learn

    (v.) gain knowledge or skills

  • lenient punishment

    (n. phr.) less strict penalty

  • lessen

    (v.) make smaller or reduce

  • level

    (n./v./adj.) horizontal surface or to make flat

  • lexically

    (adv.) related to words or vocabulary

  • liabilities

    (n.) obligations or debts

  • liberal

    (adj.) open to new behavior or ideas

  • lifelong

    (adj.) persisting throughout life

  • ligament

    (n.) connective tissue connecting bones

  • limit

    (n./v.) restrict the extent of something

  • limited

    (adj.) confined or restricted in size or scope

  • lingo

    (n.) specialized language or terminology

  • linguistic

    (adj.) relating to language

  • literature review

    (n. phr.) summary of existing research

  • litigation

    (n.) legal process of resolving disputes

  • livable

    (adj.) suitable or comfortable to live in

  • livelihood

    (n.) means of supporting life financially

  • loads of human force

    (n. phr.) large human effort or workforce

  • loan

    (n.) money borrowed for payment later

  • local

    (adj./n.) pertaining to a nearby area

  • lodge

    (n./v.) place to stay temporarily or a small house

  • logistics

    (n.) management of supplies and transport

  • lorry

    (n.) motor vehicle for transporting goods

  • lower

    (v./adj.) bring to a position beneath or below

  • lucrative

    (adj.) producing a significant profit

  • magnetic strip

    (n. phr.) metal strip with magnetic properties

  • magnitude

    (n.) size or importance of something

  • maintain

    (v.) keep in good condition or continue

  • major

    (adj.) more important or significant

  • major momentum

    (n. phr.) significant forward movement

  • majority

    (n.) the greater part or number

  • make

    (v.) create or produce

  • make someone reassure

    (v. phr.) comfort or restore confidence

  • malicious

    (adj.) having or showing intention to harm

  • malware

    (n.) malicious software intended to damage

  • mammoth

    (adj./n.) enormous in size or importance

  • manage

    (v.) handle or control

  • mandatory

    (adj.) required by law or rules

  • manifest

    (v./n./adj.) clear or obvious to the senses

  • manifesting

    (v.) showing or demonstrating clearly

  • manufacturing

    (n./v.) producing goods on a large scale

  • marijuana

    (n.) psychoactive drug from Cannabis plant

  • maritime sector

    (n. phr.) related to shipping or sea trade

  • marked

    (adj./v. ) clearly noticeable or identified

  • maroon

    (n./v./adj.) dark red color or stranded

  • marooned

    (v.) stranded or isolated especially by water or circumstance

  • martial art

    (n.) combat sport involving physical techniques and discipline

  • master

    (n./v.) expert or principal in a specific subject or activity

  • maximize

    (v.) make as large or great as possible

  • measure

    (n./v.) determine size, amount, or degree of something

  • measuring tapes

    (n.) flexible rulers used to measure length or distance

  • mediocre

    (adj.) average or ordinary, not outstanding

  • Mediterranean region

    (n.) area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea

  • meek

    (adj.) quiet, gentle, and submissive in nature

  • meet

    (v./n.) come together in the same place or at the same time

  • meet with

    (phr. v.) encounter or have an appointment with someone

  • meniscus

    (n.) curved surface of a liquid in a container

  • mental

    (adj.) relating to the mind or intellectual processes

  • merit

    (n./v.) deserving reward or praise based on effort or quality

  • metaphor

    (n.) figure of speech comparing two unlike things

  • meteoric

    (adj.) swift, rapid, or spectacular in occurrence

  • method

    (n.) systematic way of doing something

  • methodology

    (n.) study of methods or procedures in a discipline

  • meticulous

    (adj.) very careful and precise in detail

  • metric units

    (n.) standardized measurement units like meters and grams

  • might be informed

    (v. phr.) possibly aware or knowledgeable

  • mild temperature

    (n.) comfortably warm or cool climate

  • millennials

    (n.) generation born approximately 1981–1996

  • minimal

    (adj.) the least or smallest amount necessary

  • minimize

    (v.) reduce to the smallest possible amount

  • minority

    (n.) smaller group differing from the majority

  • minute

    (n./adj.) very small or detailed moment of time

  • misconduct

    (n./v.) improper or unacceptable behavior

  • miserable

    (adj.) extremely unhappy or uncomfortable

  • mistake

    (n./v.) error or wrong action

  • mitigate

    (v.) make less severe or serious

  • mixed

    (adj./v.) composed of different types or elements

  • mobilize

    (v.) prepare and organize for action or movement

  • moderates

    (n./v.) those who hold balanced or middle positions

  • mold

    (n./v.) hollow container or to shape material

  • moldy

    (adj.) covered with mold or rot

  • molecule

    (n.) smallest particle of a chemical compound

  • momentum

    (n.) energy or force of movement

  • monitor

    (n./v.) observe or keep track of over time

  • monopolize

    (v.) acquire exclusive control over something

  • monumental

    (adj.) very great, significant, or massive

  • moonlighting

    (v./n.) working a second job apart from primary employment

  • mope around

    (phr. v.) move around aimlessly or sulkily

  • moral

    (n./adj.) concerning right and wrong behavior

  • mounting

    (adj.) increasing or accumulating gradually

  • multifaceted

    (adj.) having many aspects or features

  • municipality

    (n.) local government or administrative division

  • narrative

    (n./adj.) a story or account of events

  • nasty

    (adj.) very unpleasant or offensive

  • natural

    (adj.) existing in nature; not artificial

  • natural instinct

    (n.) innate behavioral tendency

  • natural selection

    (n.) process by which traits improve survival

  • nature

    (n.) physical world or innate qualities

  • need

    (n./v.) require something essential or necessary

  • negative

    (adj./n.) undesired or harmful; pessimistic attitude

  • negativity bias

    (n.) tendency to focus on negative aspects

  • neglect

    (n./v.) fail to care for or give proper attention

  • negligence

    (n.) careless or inattentive conduct

  • negligible

    (adj.) so small it can be ignored

  • no pressure

    (n. phr.) without stress or obligation

  • nomad

    (n.) person who moves frequently without fixed home

  • nostalgic

    (adj.) emotionally longing for the past

  • notable

    (adj./n.) worthy of notice or attention

  • notarized

    (v.) officially certified by a notary public

  • notch

    (n./v.) small cut or indentation; a level or degree

  • nourish

    (v.) provide with food or other essentials

  • nuance

    (n.) subtle difference or distinction

  • nuances

    (n.) plural of nuance; small differences

  • nurture

    (n./v.) care for growth or development

  • nutritious food

    (n.) food that provides health benefits

  • obedient

    (adj.) willing to comply or follow rules

  • obesity rate

    (n. phr.) percentage of population with excess body fat

  • objectively

    (adv.) without bias or personal feelings

  • observe

    (v.) watch carefully or record information

  • obsession

    (n.) persistent, unwanted preoccupation

  • obsolete

    (adj.) outdated or no longer used

  • obtain

    (v.) acquire or get something

  • obvious

    (adj.) easily perceived or understood

  • occur in linear

    (v. phr.) happen in a straight, sequential manner

  • offer

    (v./n.) present or propose for acceptance or consideration

  • oftentimes

    (adv.) frequently or many times

  • omnichannel retail

    (n.) integrated shopping across channels

  • omniscient

    (adj.) all-knowing or infinitely aware

  • operation

    (n.) organized activity or process

  • opinion

    (n.) personal belief or judgment

  • opinionated

    (adj.) stubbornly holding personal beliefs

  • opponents

    (n.) those who oppose or compete against

  • opportunity

    (n.) favorable circumstance for success

  • opportunity cost

    (n. phr.) value of the next best alternative foregone

  • oppose

    (v.) resist or stand against

  • opposing

    (adj./v.) acting against or in contrast to

  • opposition

    (n.) resistance or disagreement

  • optimal

    (adj.) most favorable or ideal conditions

  • optimize

    (v.) make the best or most effective

  • optimum

    (n./adj.) the most favorable or perfect point

  • orchestrated

    (adj./v.) carefully coordinated or arranged

  • order

    (n./v.) arranged sequence or command

  • organize

    (v.) arrange systematically or prepare

  • ostrich effect

    (n.) ignoring problems hoping they’ll disappear

  • outage

    (n.) period when service or supply is interrupted

  • outdated

    (adj.) no longer in use or current

  • outdoor

    (adj.) located outside; outside natural environment

  • outfit

    (n.) a set of clothing; attire

  • outgoing

    (adj.) sociable, eager to meet others

  • outlook

    (n.) future perspective or attitude

  • outlook on life

    (n. phr.) personal attitude about life

  • outskirts

    (n.) outer parts of a city or town

  • outstanding

    (adj.) exceptionally good or notable

  • outweigh

    (v.) be greater or more important than

  • over time

    (adv. phr.) gradually; with passing time

  • overarching

    (adj.) all-encompassing; including everything

  • overcome

    (v.) succeed despite difficulty

  • overwhelming

    (adj.) very intense or powerful

  • owe

    (v.) be under obligation to pay or thank

  • painstaking

    (adj.) requiring much care and effort

  • palatable

    (adj.) pleasant to taste or accept

  • paleontologist

    (n.) scientist who studies fossils

  • palette

    (n.) range of colors used in art

  • palpable

    (adj.) tangible; able to be touched

  • pander to

    (phr. v.) indulge or cater to desires

  • paradoxically

    (adv.) surprisingly; contrary to expectations

  • parallel

    (adj./n.) side by side and alike

  • paramount

    (adj.) of highest importance

  • parity

    (n.) equality or equivalence

  • park

    (n./v.) designated area for recreation or nature

  • parliament

    (n.) legislative body governing a country

  • particular

    (adj.) specific or special

  • passive

    (adj.) not active; submissive

  • pastime

    (n.) activity done for enjoyment

  • patent

    (n./v.) legal right for an invention

  • patio

    (n.) outdoor space attached to a building

  • patrons

    (n.) supporters or customers of a business

  • pause

    (n./v.) brief stop or hesitation

  • pavilion

    (n.) open structure for events or shelter

  • pay

    (n./v.) give money in exchange for goods or services

  • pay off

    (phr. v.) bring benefits or success

  • peaceful

    (adj.) free from conflict or violence

  • peer

    (n./v.) person of same status or age

  • peer influence

    (n. phr.) impact peers have on behavior

  • peer pressure

    (n. phr.) influence to conform

  • penetrate

    (v.) enter or pass through

  • penetration

    (n.) act of entering or passing through

  • perceived

    (adj.) regarded or understood as

  • percent

    (n.) per hundred; a part of a whole

  • percentage

    (n.) proportion expressed as a percent

  • perilous

    (adj.) dangerous or risky

  • periodical

    (n./adj.) published at intervals; magazine

  • perishable

    (adj.) likely to decay or spoil

  • perk

    (n./v.) benefit or advantage

  • permanent

    (adj.) everlasting or lasting forever

  • perpetrate

    (v.) carry out or commit (crime)

  • perpetrator

    (n.) person who commits a crime

  • perpetual

    (adj.) never-ending; eternal

  • perseverance

    (n.) steady persistence in effort

  • persist

    (v.) continue despite difficulties

  • person

    (n.) human being; individual

  • personal

    (adj.) related to an individual’s private life

  • perspective

    (n.) point of view or outlook

  • persuade

    (v.) convince someone to do or believe

  • pervasiveness

    (n.) spread throughout; prevalence

  • pest and pathogen

    (n. phr.) harmful insects or microbes

  • pesticide

    (n.) chemical to kill pests

  • petrochemical industry

    (n. phr.) produces chemicals from oil and gas

  • phenomenal

    (adj.) exceptional or extraordinary

  • philosophy

    (n.) study of fundamental questions; beliefs

  • physical

    (adj.) relating to the body or material world

  • pin

    (n./v.) small pointed metal object

  • pinpoint

    (adj./v./n.) locate exactly; precise

  • pivot to

    (phr. v.) turn or shift direction

  • pivotal

    (adj.) crucial or central importance

  • place

    (n./v.) location or position

  • placebo

    (n.) inert substance for testing effects

  • plan

    (n./v.) detailed proposal for future actions

  • planetarium

    (n.) theater for astronomical shows

  • play up

    (phr. v.) emphasize or promote

  • playground

    (n.) outdoor area for children’s play

  • pleasant

    (adj.) enjoyable or nice

  • pledge

    (n./v.) a solemn promise

  • pluck up

    (phr. v.) summon courage or energy

  • plummet

    (v./n.) fall quickly and suddenly

  • plunge

    (v./n.) jump or dive quickly and energetically

  • policy

    (n.) course of action or rules

  • polish

    (n./v.) make smooth and shiny, improve

  • political

    (adj.) related to government or politics

  • pollinator

    (n.) species that pollinates plants

  • pollute

    (v.) contaminate or make dirty

  • poor

    (adj.) lacking money or quality

  • pop up one after another

    (phr.) appear suddenly

  • population ageing

    (n. phr.) increase in older population

  • portray as a villain

    (phr.) depict negatively

  • pose

    (n./v.) present or assume (a stance or question)

  • positive

    (adj.) optimistic; beneficial

  • possess

    (v.) own or have something

  • possession

    (n.) thing owned or controlled

  • potency

    (n.) strength or effectiveness

  • potential

    (n./adj.) capacity to develop or succeed

  • poverty teens

    (n. phr.) adolescents in poverty

  • practical

    (adj.) useful and realistic

  • practice

    (n./v.) repeated exercise or action

  • precautionary

    (adj.) taken to prevent harm

  • precious

    (adj.) valuable and rare.

  • predecessor

    (n.) previous person or thing.

  • predominantly

    (adv.) mainly or mostly.

  • preliminary

    (adj./n.) initial or preparatory.

  • premature

    (adj.) happening too early.

  • prenups

    (n.) prenuptial agreements.

  • prepare for

    (v. phr.) get ready for.

  • prescribed

    (adj./v.) officially recommended.

  • prescription

    (n.) doctors' medication instructions.

  • present

    (n./adj./v.) current or here now.

  • preserve

    (v.) maintain or protect.

  • press

    (n./v.) to apply force or urge.

  • pressing

    (adj./n.) urgent or demanding.

  • pressure

    (n.) force exerted.

  • prestigious

    (adj.) highly respected.

  • presume

    (v.) assume without proof.

  • pretending to be someone

    (v. phr.) acting falsely.

  • prevailing

    (adj./v.) most common or widespread.

  • prevalence of pests

    (n. phr.) frequent pest occurrence.

  • prevaricate

    (v.) avoid truth deliberately.

  • prevent

    (v.) stop happening.

  • preventable

    (adj.) able to be stopped.

  • price

    (n./v.) amount to buy.

  • primary

    (adj./n.) main or first.

  • primary motivation

    (n. phr.) main reason.

  • principle

    (n.) fundamental truth or belief.

  • privilege

    (n./v.) special right or benefit.

  • probation

    (n.) supervised trial period.

  • probe

    (n./v.) thorough investigation.

  • problem

    (n.) difficult situation.

  • proceed

    (v.) move forward.

  • procession

    (n.) organized group in line.

  • produce

    (n./v.) farm-grown food products.

  • professional

    (adj./n.) skilled expert.

  • profitable

    (adj.) yields financial gain.

  • profound

    (adj.) deep or meaningful.

  • prognosis

    (n.) prediction of future outcome.

  • progress

    (n./v.) advancement or development.

  • prohibitive

    (adj.) excessively expensive or restrictive.

  • prominent

    (adj.) important or noticeable.

  • promising

    (adj./n.) showing future potential.

  • promising future

    (n. phr.) optimistic outlook ahead.

  • promote

    (v.) encourage or support.

  • prone to

    (adj. phr.) likely to do or suffer.

  • proof

    (n./v.) evidence supporting truth.

  • propose

    (v.) suggest or put forward.

  • proprietary

    (adj.) owned or exclusive.

  • proscribed

    (adj./v.) forbidden or outlawed.

  • proscription

    (n.) ban or restriction.

  • prosecute

    (v.) pursue legal action.

  • prospective

    (adj./n.) expected or likely.

  • prosperous

    (adj.) wealthy and thriving.

  • prospers

    (v.) flourishes or succeeds.

  • prosthetic

    (adj.) artificial limb or device.

  • prostitute

    (n./v.) person exchanging sex for money.

  • protect

    (v.) keep safe from harm.

  • provenance

    (n.) origin or ancestry.

  • provide

    (v.) supply or give.

  • provincial

    (adj./n.) concerning region outside capital.

  • provoke

    (v.) cause to happen.

  • proximity

    (n.) nearness or closeness.

  • prudent

    (adj.) acting with care.

  • psychology

    (n.) study of mind and behavior.

  • public

    (adj./n.) people or community at large.

  • punishment

    (n.) penalty for wrongdoing.

  • punitive

    (adj.) intended to punish.

  • pupil

    (n.) student or eye's black part.

  • purchase

    (n./v.) act of buying.

  • pursue

    (v.) follow or chase.

  • put forward

    (v. phr.) suggest or propose.

  • put someone down

    (v. phr.) insult or criticize.

  • put you off

    (v. phr.) discourage or repel.

  • pyramid schemes

    (n. phr.) illegal sales fraud.

  • quality

    (n./adj.) standard or grade.

  • quantitative research

    (n. phr.) numerical data analysis.

  • quick

    (adj.) fast or rapid.

  • quiet

    (adj.) silent or calm.

  • racial diversity

    (n. phr.) variety of races.

  • rack

    (n./v.) framework or painful device.

  • radical

    (adj./n.) extreme or fundamental.

  • raise

    (v./n.) lift or increase.

  • ram

    (n./v.) heavy tool or violent strike.

  • rangeland

    (n.) open land for grazing.

  • rapid

    (adj.) very fast.

  • rare

    (adj.) infrequently occurring.

  • rate cut

    (n. phr.) reduction in interest rate.

  • rational

    (adj.) reasonable or logical.

  • rationale

    (n.) underlying reasoning.

  • rationally

    (adv.) logically or reasonably.

  • reach

    (v.) arrive at or extend.

  • reaction

    (n.) response or effect.

  • real

    (adj.) actual or genuine.

  • realize

    (v.) become aware or achieve.

  • reap

    (v.) harvest or gain.

  • reason

    (n./v.) explanation or cause.

  • reasonable

    (adj.) fair or sensible.

  • reassure

    (v.) comfort or restore confidence.

  • recalibration

    (n.) readjustment or reform.

  • receive

    (v.) get or accept.

  • recent

    (adj.) happening not long ago.

  • recession

    (n.) economic decline.

  • recidivism

    (n.) the tendency to relapse into previous behavior or crime

  • reckon

    (v.) calculate or estimate; think or suppose

  • recognize

    (v.) identify someone or something from previous knowledge

  • reconsider

    (v.) think about again; reevaluate

  • record creator

    (n. phr.) entity that produces or records data or information

  • record holder

    (n. phr.) person or organization holding a record or achievement

  • recover from

    (phr.) regain health or strength after illness or difficulty

  • rectify

    (v.) correct or fix an error or problem

  • recyclable

    (adj.) able to be processed and used again

  • reduce

    (v.) make smaller or less in amount

  • reflect

    (v.) giver or show an image or idea; think deeply

  • reform

    (n./v.) make changes to improve something or someone

  • refute

    (v.) prove wrong or false

  • regulation

    (n.) rule or directive made and maintained by authority

  • rehab

    (n./v.) short for rehabilitation; process of recovering health or skills

  • rehabbing

    (v.) act of restoring health, strength, or skills

  • rehabilitation

    (n.) restoring someone to a normal life or condition

  • reign

    (n./v.) period of rulership or influence

  • reignite

    (v.) set on fire again; rekindle

  • reinvigoration

    (n.) renewal of energy or vitality

  • relationship

    (n.) connection or association between people or things

  • relatively

    (adv.) considered in comparison; comparatively

  • relentless

    (adj.) persistent and unstoppable

  • relevant

    (adj.) closely connected or appropriate

  • reliable

    (adj.) consistently good in quality or trustworthiness

  • religion

    (n.) organized system of faith and worship

  • relish

    (v./n.) great enjoyment or pleasure; savoring

  • remedy

    (n./v.) solution or treatment for a problem

  • reminisce

    (v.) recollect enjoyable past experiences

  • Renaissance

    (n.) rebirth of art, culture, and learning

  • render

    (v./n.) provide or give; cause to become

  • repair

    (v./n.) fixed or mended defect or damage

  • repeat

    (v./n.) do or say again

  • repercussions

    (n.) unintended consequences or effects

  • replenishment

    (n.) restocking or refilling supply

  • replicate

    (v.) make an exact copy

  • reputation

    (n.) public opinion about someone or something

  • require

    (v.) need or demand as necessary

  • requirement

    (n.) something needed or obligatory

  • research and development

    (n. phr.) activities to innovate or improve

  • reside

    (v.) live in a particular place

  • residence

    (n.) place where one lives

  • resident

    (n.) person living in a specific place

  • resilient

    (adj.) able to recover quickly from difficulties

  • resist

    (v.) withstand or fight against

  • resolve

    (v./n.) firm decision or solve a problem

  • resonate

    (v.) sound or echo; evoke a response

  • resort to

    (phr.) turn to as a last option

  • resources

    (n.) supply of assets or materials

  • respiration

    (n.) breathe; process of breathing

  • respite

    (n.) short period of rest or relief

  • resplendent

    (adj.) shining brilliantly; splendid

  • respond to

    (phr.) reply or react to

  • responsibility

    (n.) duty or obligation

  • restore

    (v.) bring back to original or better condition

  • results

    (n.) outcomes or consequences

  • resume

    (v./n.) continue after interruption

  • resurrect

    (v.) bring back to life or consciousness

  • retain

    (v.) keep possession of or continue to have

  • retaliation

    (n.) action against someone for a perceived wrong

  • retrieval

    (n.) act of getting something back

  • revamp

    (v./n.) renovate or improve

  • revenge

    (n./v.) punish in response to an injury or insult

  • reverse

    (v./n.) move backward or undo

  • revise

    (v.) alter to improve or correct

  • revival

    (n.) restoration of activity or interest

  • revive

    (v.) bring back to life or renewed spirit

  • revolve

    (v.) turn around a central point

  • reward

    (n./v.) something given in return for effort

  • rewarding

    (adj.) providing satisfaction or benefit

  • right

    (n./adj./v.) correct or fair; legal entitlement

  • rigor

    (n.) strictness or severity

  • rigorous

    (adj.) having strict precision or standards

  • ripple

    (n./v.) small wave or series of waves; spread effect

  • rise to

    (phr.) ascend or increase in status

  • rising

    (adj./n.) ascending or increasing

  • robust

    (adj.) strong and healthy

  • robustness

    (n.) strength or durability

  • rockets

    (n./v.) motorized vehicles for space or firework displays

  • round

    (n./v./adj.) circular shape or completed cycle

  • rudimentary

    (adj.) basic or undeveloped

  • ruin

    (n./v.) false or decayed condition

  • ruins

    (n.) physical remains of destroyed structures

  • rumor

    (n.) unverified information or story

  • run into

    (phr.) encounter unexpectedly

  • rural

    (adj.) pertaining to the countryside

  • rust

    (n./v.) predominantly iron oxide formation

  • ruthless

    (adj.) without mercy or compassion

  • sacrifice

    (n./v.) giving up something for a greater good

  • safeguard

    (n./v.) protective measure or device

  • safety

    (n.) free from harm or danger

  • salient

    (adj.) most noticeable or important

  • sanitation

    (n.) maintaining health through cleanliness

  • sap

    (n./v.) gradually weaken or diminish

  • sarcastic

    (adj.) expressing irony or mockery

  • satellite

    (n.) artificial object orbiting a planet

  • satisfaction

    (n.) feeling of fulfillment or content

  • satisfy

    (v.) fulfill needs or desires

  • save

    (v.) rescue from danger or preserve

  • scams

    (n.) deceptive schemes to cheat or steal

  • scathing

    (adj.) hurtful or severely critical

  • scheme

    (n.) a plan or arrangement for achieving goals

  • scrambling

    (v.) thrashing or moving frantically

  • scrap

    (n.) a small piece of leftover material

  • scrutinize

    (v.) examine carefully and thoroughly

  • scrutiny

    (n.) intense and careful inspection

  • secretary

    (n.) an official who manages administrative tasks

  • section

    (n.) a distinct part of a larger area

  • sector

    (n.) a specific area within a larger region

  • seek

    (v.) to look for or attempt to find

  • seething with

    (v. phr.) full of intense anger or emotion

  • seize

    (v.) to take hold of suddenly

  • sensitive

    (adj.) easily affected or responsive

  • sequel

    (n.) a follow-up work in a series

  • sequential

    (adj.) happening in order or succession

  • sequentially

    (adv.) one after the other in order

  • serendipitous

    (adj.) accidental discovery of something valuable

  • serene

    (adj.) peaceful and calm

  • series

    (n.) a set of related things or events

  • serious

    (adj.) important or solemn in nature

  • service

    (n.) a system providing assistance or work

  • session

    (n.) a period spent doing a particular activity

  • Set me up

    (v. phr.) arrange or organize for someone

  • settle

    (v.) to resolve or establish conclusively

  • severe

    (adj.) extremely strict or harsh

  • sex

    (n.) male or female reproductive activity

  • shabby

    (adj.) poorly maintained or worn down

  • shade out

    (v. phr.) to obscure or block light

  • shake

    (v.) movement causing vibration or tremor

  • shake it off

    (v. phr.) to recover or dismiss negativity

  • Shakespeare

    (n.) famous English playwright and poet

  • shallow

    (adj.) lacking depth or serious thought

  • share

    (v./n.) to divide and distribute among others

  • shatter

    (v.) to break suddenly into pieces

  • shed

    (v.) discard or let fall off

  • shelve

    (v.) to put aside for later use

  • shift

    (v./n.) movement from one position to another

  • shining

    (adj.) emitting light or luster

  • shirk

    (v.) to avoid work or responsibility

  • shocking

    (adj.) causing surprise or disgust

  • shrinkflation

    (n.) reducing product size without price change

  • significant

    (adj.) important or meaningful

  • simple

    (adj.) easy to understand or do

  • simultaneously

    (adv.) happening at the same time

  • sitcom

    (n.) a situation comedy TV show

  • situation

    (n.) set of circumstances

  • skeptical

    (adj.) doubting or unsure

  • skepticism

    (n.) doubt about truth or validity

  • skills

    (n.) abilities to perform tasks

  • skyrockets

    (v.) increase rapidly or suddenly

  • slack

    (adj./n./v.) lacking activity or effort

  • slash

    (v./n.) cuts or reduces drastically

  • slaughter

    (n./v.) kill or butcher violently

  • slide into

    (v. phr.) gradually enter a state or condition

  • slim

    (adj.) slender or thin

  • slope

    (n.) incline or slant surface

  • slow down

    (v. phr.) decrease in speed

  • sluggish

    (adj.) lacking energy or movement

  • snackable

    (adj.) easily consumable or digestible

  • soaring

    (v./adj.) rising quickly or high

  • soars

    (v.) flies or rises high

  • social

    (adj.) relating to society or community

  • social status

    (n.) social rank or position

  • social welfare

    (n.) government aid for societal well-being

  • socialist

    (n./adj.) advocate of social ownership and equality

  • solace

    (n.) comfort during distress

  • sole

    (adj./n.) only one; the only

  • solitary

    (adj.) being alone or remote

  • solution

    (n.) address or answer to a problem

  • solve

    (v.) find an answer or explanation

  • sort

    (n./v.) to arrange or categorize

  • spam

    (n./v.) unwanted or junk messages

  • spare

    (v./adj./n.) extra or in reserve

  • spark

    (n./v.) ignite or initiate

  • speak

    (v.) to talk or communicate verbally

  • special

    (adj.) distinctive or exceptional

  • specify

    (v.) give detailed information

  • spend

    (v.) expend money or time

  • spine

    (n.) bony part along back of vertebrate

  • spiteful

    (adj.) motivated by malice

  • splendid

    (adj.) magnificent or impressive

  • spoil

    (v.) decay or ruin; to indulge excessively

  • spoilage

    (n.) decomposition leading to waste

  • spoiler alert

    (n. phr.) warning about plot reveal

  • spoken

    (adj.) verbal or communicated orally

  • spontaneously

    (adv.) yielding to impulse without planning

  • sportswear

    (n.) clothing for athletic activities

  • spouse

    (n.) partner in marriage

  • sprawling

    (n.) spreading out awkwardly

  • spread

    (v./n.) extend over an area

  • spread rumours

    (phr.) distribute false information

  • sprinter

    (n.) athlete running short races quickly

  • spruiking

    (v.) promoting or advertising aggressively

  • squander

    (v.) spend wastefully or irresponsibly

  • stabilize

    (v.) making stable or steady

  • stable

    (adj.) not likely to change or fail

  • stagnant

    (adj.) not moving or flowing; dull

  • stainless steel

    (n.) metal resistant to staining and corrosion

  • stake

    (n.) a bet or financial investment

  • stakeholder

    (n.) person with interest in something

  • stamp out

    (phr. v.) to eliminate or abolish

  • stand

    (v.) be in an upright position

  • standalone

    (adj.) independent; not connected

  • standard

    (n./adj.) a level of quality or achievement

  • standpoint

    (n.) point of view or perspective

  • stare

    (v.) gaze fixedly at something

  • stark

    (adj./adv.) bare or severely simple

  • statistic

    (n.) collection of numerical data

  • stature

    (n.) body height; status or importance

  • steady

    (adj.) firm and unchanging

  • steely

    (adj.) like steel; cold or determined

  • steer

    (v.) guide a vehicle or direction

  • steer away from

    (phr. v.) avoid or shun

  • stem from

    (phr. v.) originate or arise from

  • stems and seeds

    (n.) plant parts and reproductive units

  • step up

    (phr. v.) increase or improve

  • stiff

    (adj.) rigid or difficult to move

  • stifle creativity

    (v. phr.) restrain or suppress inventiveness

  • stimulate

    (v.) encourage or provoke activity

  • stir up

    (phr. v.) cause agitation or excitement

  • stopgap

    (n./adj.) temporary solution

  • stratosphere

    (n.) upper layer of Earth's atmosphere

  • streamline

    (v.) improve efficiency or flow

  • strenuous

    (adj.) requiring effort or energy

  • stress

    (n./v.) pressure or tension

  • strict

    (adj.) firm or rigid rules

  • strike

    (v./n.) pull or hit forcibly; protest

  • strike a deal

    (phr.) reach an agreement

  • striking

    (adj.) impressive or noticeable

  • stringent

    (adj.) strict and rigorous

  • strive for

    (phr. v.) aim or work towards

  • stroll

    (v.) walk leisurely

  • stroller

    (n.) child's pushchair

  • strong

    (adj.) heightened power or influence

  • structures

    (n.) buildings or organizations

  • stumbled over words

    (phr.) hesitated or mispronounced

  • stunning

    (adj.) very beautiful or impressive

  • sturdy

    (adj.) strong or robust

  • subservient

    (adj.) obeying others excessively

  • subset

    (n.) part of a larger set

  • subsidize

    (v.) financially support

  • subsidy

    (n.) financial aid

  • substance

    (n.) material or physical matter

  • substance abuse

    (n. phr.) excessive harmful use of substances

  • substantial

    (adj.) considerable or significant

  • substantial majority

    (n. phr.) overwhelming majority

  • substitute

    (n./v.) replacement or alternative

  • subtle

    (adj.) difficult to detect or perceive

  • suburb

    (n.) area outside city center

  • succeed in arousing

    (phr.) manage to evoke

  • success

    (n.) achievement or favorable result

  • successful

    (adj.) achieving goals or desired outcomes

  • succumb

    (v.) fail to resist pressure, temptation, or some other negative force

  • suffer

    (v.) to experience pain or hardship

  • suffer from

    (phr. v.) endure or be affected by

  • sufficient

    (adj.) enough or adequate

  • summon

    (v.) call upon or bring together

  • superior

    (adj./n.) higher in rank or quality

  • supervision

    (n.) instruction or oversight

  • superyacht

    (n.) luxurious private boat

  • support

    (n./v.) assist or backing

  • support the notion

    (phr.) agree or endorse idea

  • suppress

    (v.) prevent or hold back

  • suppress whistleblowing

    (phr.) restrain exposing misconduct

  • surging

    (adj.) rising or increasing suddenly

  • surpass

    (v.) exceed or go beyond

  • susceptible

    (adj.) easily influenced or affected

  • susceptible to

    (phr.) vulnerable or prone to

  • sustain

    (v.) maintain or uphold

  • sustainable future

    (n. phr.) lasting and eco-friendly

  • sustained

    (adj.) continued steadily

  • sweat

    (n./v.) produce moisture through skin

  • sweet

    (adj.) tasting sugary or pleasant

  • sweet tooth

    (n. phr.) liking for sweet foods

  • swell

    (v./n.) grow larger or more inflated

  • swelling

    (n.) abnormal enlargement

  • symmetrical

    (adj.) balanced on both sides

  • sympathetic

    (adj.) showing compassion or understanding

  • sympathy

    (n.) feeling of pity or sorrow

  • synergies

    (n.) combined benefits or effects

  • tackle

    (v.) deal with or confront

  • tailor

    (v.) fashion or adapt for needs

  • tailpipe

    (n.) vehicle exhaust outlet

  • tailpipe emissions standards

    (n. phr.) limits on exhaust pollutants

  • tailwind

    (n.) wind blowing in the same direction

  • take

    (v.) grab or accept

  • take advantage of

    (phr.) use circumstances for benefit

  • take heed of

    (phr.) pay attention to

  • take on

    (phr. v.) accept or assume responsibility

  • take pride

    (phr.) feel a sense of achievement

  • take the chance

    (phr.) risk opportunities

  • take turns

    (phr.) alternate in activity

  • take up

    (v.) begin or engage in

  • taking a toll

    (v. phr.) causing damage or negative effect

  • tampering

    (n.) mistreating or meddling maliciously

  • tangible

    (adj.) Touchable, real, or concrete

  • tarnish

    (v.) to lose luster or stain surface

  • tart

    (adj./n.) Sharp or acidic flavor

  • tax credit

    (n.) Tax reduction awarded to taxpayers

  • technical

    (adj.) Relating to specific science or skill

  • tedious

    (adj.) Difficult or boring; repetitive

  • teen

    (n.) Adolescent aged roughly 13-19

  • teenage

    (adj.) Period of adolescence

  • telecommute

    (v.) Work remotely from home

  • tell

    (v.) Communicate or inform

  • temper

    (n./v.) Emotional state or mood

  • temporary

    (adj.) Lasting for a limited time

  • tenant

    (n.) Person who rents property

  • terminate

    (v.) End or conclude

  • terminology

    (n.) Specialized vocabulary terms

  • terrible

    (adj.) Extremely bad or unpleasant

  • testicular

    (adj.) Relating to testes

  • testimony

    (n.) Statement given as proof

  • textile

    (n./adj.) Fabric or cloth material

  • textiles

    (n.) Fabrics made from fibers

  • the elder people

    (n. phr.) Older adults or seniors

  • the happiness shortcut

    (n. phr.) Quick path to happiness

  • the last night

    (n. phr.) Previous evening

  • the least

    (adj.) Smallest amount or degree

  • the most waste

    (n. phr.) Maximum rubbish or discarded material

  • the youth

    (n. phr.) Young people collectively

  • theme

    (n.) Main subject or idea

  • then out of nowhere

    (adv. phr.) Suddenly unexpectedly

  • There has been

    (v. phr.) An occurrence or event happened

  • thereby fostering

    (adv. + v.) By promoting or encouraging

  • thorny

    (adj.) Difficult or complicated

  • threshold

    (n.) Entry point or limit

  • thrive

    (v.) Develop successfully or flourish

  • thrives

    (v.) Flourishes or grows vigorously

  • thriving

    (adj./v.) Doing well, prospering

  • tighten

    (v.) Make it more secure or firm

  • timber industry

    (n. phr.) Wood production and sale sector

  • tirelessly

    (adv.) Without stopping; continuously

  • to wear

    (v. phr.) Harm fabric through use

  • toggle

    (v./n.) Switch between options

  • tool

    (n.) Instrument to perform work

  • top

    (adj./n./v.) Highest or uppermost position

  • topple

    (v.) Fall over or overturn

  • tortuous

    (adj.) Full of twists or turns

  • totalitarian regime

    (n. phr.) Authoritarian government controls society

  • totalitarian state

    (n. phr.) Sovereign state with absolute control

  • touch

    (n./v.) Make physical contact

  • tough

    (adj.) Difficult or strong

  • toxic

    (adj.) Harmful or poisonous

  • tragic

    (adj.) Extremely sad or devastating

  • trailer

    (n.) Movable vehicle for transporting goods

  • trailing

    (v./adj.) Following behind

  • trajectory

    (n.) Path or route followed

  • tramcars

    (n.) Streetcars or trolleys

  • tranquil

    (adj.) Peaceful and calm

  • travel

    (n./v.) Journey from place to place

  • treasure

    (n./v.) Valuable object or resource

  • treasury

    (n.) Government fund or reserve

  • treat someone well

    (phr.) Be kind or considerate to

  • tremendous

    (adj.) Huge or exceptional

  • trend

    (n.) General direction or tendency

  • trigger

    (n./v.) Cause an event to happen

  • trimester

    (n.) Three-month period, typically pregnancy

  • trivial

    (adj.) Insignificant or minor

  • trolley

    (n.) Wheeled vehicle or cart

  • tumble

    (v./n.) Fall suddenly or clumsily

  • tumbles

    (v.) Falls or topples over

  • turbaned

    (adj.) Wearing a turban

  • turnover

    (n.) Total sales or business volume

  • twist

    (n./v.) Turn or bend sharply

  • ultimate

    (adj.) Final or most important

  • ultimatum

    (n.) Final demand or threat

  • unanimous

    (adj.) Agreed by all members

  • unanimously

    (adv.) With complete agreement

  • unavoidable

    (adj.) Impossible to prevent

  • unbalance

    (n./v.) Lack of stability or equilibrium

  • unbearable

    (adj.) Impossible to endure

  • unbiasedly

    (adv.) Without prejudice or favoritism

  • uncharted

    (adj.) Unmapped or unknown

  • unconscionable

    (adj.) Morally unacceptable

  • undeniable

    (adj.) Impossible to deny

  • under their belt

    (phr.) Achieved or gained

  • underdog

    (n.) Less likely to win or succeed

  • underestimate

    (v.) Assess too low

  • undergo

    (v.) Experience or endure

  • underline

    (v.) Emphasize or mark with a line

  • underlying

    (adj.) Fundamental or not immediately obvious

  • undermine

    (v.) Undervalue or weaken

  • understanding

    (n.) Comprehension or sympathy

  • undesirable

    (adj.) Unwanted or objectionable

  • undiminished

    (adj.) Not reduced or lessened

  • undue

    (adj.) Unnecessary or excessive

  • unequivocally

    (adv.) With certainty and clarity

  • uneven

    (adj.) Balanced or level unevenly

  • unexpected

    (adj.) Not anticipated or predicted

  • unforgivable

    (adj.) Cannot be forgiven

  • unilateral

    (adj.) One-sided or independent

  • uninitiate

    (v.) lacking initial knowledge or experience

  • unorthodox

    (adj.) not conforming to traditional beliefs

  • unprecedented

    (adj.) never done or known before

  • unsavoury

    (adj.) morally offensive or disagreeable

  • unshakable

    (adj.) unable to be disturbed or weakened

  • unsolicited

    (adj.) not asked for or invited

  • upset

    (v./n./adj.) distressed or emotionally troubled

  • urban

    (adj.) relating to city life

  • urgent

    (adj.) requiring immediate attention

  • usage

    (n.) way in which something is used

  • utilize

    (v.) make practical or effective use of

  • v.al description

    (n. phr.) specific type of description (unspecified context)

  • vague

    (adj.) lacking clarity or definite shape

  • valid assessment

    (n. phr.) accurate judgment or evaluation

  • validate

    (v.) confirm or verify the truth

  • validation

    (n.) process of confirming validity

  • valuable

    (adj.) worth a lot or highly useful

  • valuation

    (n.) assessment of worth or value

  • vapour

    (n.) gas condensed from liquid

  • vast

    (adj.) extremely large or extensive

  • vector

    (n.) quantity with both magnitude and direction

  • vehement

    (adj.) showing strong emotion

  • Venice

    (n.) famous Italian city built on canals

  • vertical

    (adj.) perpendicular to the ground

  • veteran

    (n./adj.) experienced person in a field

  • vibrant

    (adj.) lively and full of energy

  • vicarious Liability

    (n. phr.) taking responsibility for another’s actions

  • vicinity

    (n.) nearby area or neighborhood

  • vicious

    (adj.) having aggressive or cruel qualities

  • vie

    (v.) compete eagerly for something

  • vigorous

    (adj.) strong and energetic

  • vindicate

    (v.) clear from blame or suspicion

  • violate

    (v.) break or disregard laws or rules

  • violent

    (adj.) using physical force with aggression

  • viral

    (adj.) spread quickly like a virus

  • virus

    (n.) microorganism causing disease

  • viscosities

    (n.) thickness of a liquid

  • vital

    (adj.) absolutely necessary or essential

  • vitamin

    (n.) organic compound essential for health

  • vivid

    (adj.) bright or intensely colorful

  • voice

    (n./v.) sound produced by the vocal cords

  • volatility

    (n.) tendency to change rapidly

  • vote

    (n./v.) express preference in an election

  • vow

    (n./v.) promise or solemnly swear

  • vulnerable to

    (adj. phr.) easily harmed or affected

  • wage

    (n./v.) handsome payment for work

  • wake up to

    (phr. v.) realize or become aware of

  • warning

    (n./adj.) caution or alert of danger

  • warranty

    (n.) guarantee of product quality

  • waste

    (n./v.) use of resources inefficiently

  • wasting purchasing

    (n. phr.) spending excessively

  • water restrictions

    (n. phr.) limits on water use

  • water sports

    (n. phr.) recreational activities in water

  • waterproof

    (adj.) resistant to water penetration

  • we are out of the woods

    (phr.) problem resolved

  • weakening

    (n./v.) becoming less strong

  • wealthy

    (adj.) possessing significant material wealth

  • whilst

    (conj.) although or whereas

  • wholehearted

    (adj.) sincere and enthusiastic

  • widen

    (v.) make wider or larger

  • widespread

    (adj.) distributed over a large area

  • wield

    (v.) hold and use a weapon or tool

  • willfully

    (adv.) deliberately or intentionally

  • win

    (v./n.) achieve victory

  • witness

    (n./v.) person who sees an event happen

  • work

    (n./v.) perform tasks or duties

  • work out

    (v. phr.) exercise or find a solution

  • worsens

    (v.) becomes worse

  • yawn

    (n.) act of opening mouth wide due to tiredness

  • yearn

    (v.) have a strong desire for

  • yeast

    (n.) fungus used in baking and brewing

  • yield

    (v./n.) produce or provide; amount produced

  • yield to

    (phr.) submit to someone else's authority

  • youth

    (n.) early period of life or young people