TOEFL 5000 Vocabulary Volume 1

Classify by Letter Classify by Lesson Start Quiz

  • abbreviation

    (n.) shortened form of a word or phrase

  • abnormal

    (adj.) deviating from what is normal

  • abort

    (v.) to terminate prematurely

  • abrasive

    (adj.) rough and harsh in texture

  • absence

    (n.) lack of presentness

  • absolutely

    (adj.) completely and unquestionably

  • abstract

    (adj.) tangible or concrete; theoretical

  • accidental

    (adj.) happening by chance

  • accompany

    (v.) to go along with

  • accomplished

    (adj.) highly skilled or completed

  • accounting

    (n.) recording financial transactions

  • acid

    (n.) sour-tasting corrosive substance

  • acidic

    (adj.) ph less than 7; sour

  • actual

    (adj.) real or existing

  • acupuncture

    (n.) traditional chinese needle therapy

  • adequate

    (adj.) sufficient for needs

  • adhere

    (v.) stick firmly to surface

  • adhesive

    (adj.) substance used for sticking

  • adjunct

    (n.) something added or attached

  • admit

    (v.) confess or allow entry

  • adventure

    (n.) exciting experience or activity

  • adventurous

    (adj.) willing to take risks

  • adversity

    (n.) difficult or undesirable conditions

  • advocate

    (v.) publicly support a cause

  • aerodynamics

    (n.) study of airflow around objects

  • affected

    (adj.) acted upon or influenced

  • affective

    (adj.) relating to emotion

  • aggravate

    (v.) worsen or intensify

  • aggregation

    (n.) group or collection

  • ailment

    (n.) minor illness or disorder

  • aircraft

    (n.) flying vehicle such as airplane

  • alert

    (n.) vigilant and attentive

  • alike

    (adj.) similar or identical

  • allegation

    (n,.) claim or accusation

  • alliteration

    (n.) repetition of initial sounds

  • alone

    (adj.) without others

  • alteration

    (n.) change or modification

  • alternation

    (n.) the act of changing back and forth

  • aluminum

    (n.) metal element with symbols al

  • amazement

    (n.) a feeling of great surprise or wonder

  • ambivalence

    (n.) conflicting feelings

  • amenable

    (adj.) willing to cooperate

  • analogy

    (n.) comparison to show similarity

  • analysis

    (n.) detailed examination

  • anecdote

    (n.) short interesting story

  • anesthetic

    (n.) drug that causes insensitivity

  • angular

    (adj.) shaped with sharp corners

  • annually

    (adv.) once a year

  • anthem

    (n.) song representing a nation

  • anthropology

    (n.) study of humans and cultures

  • anticipation

    (n.) expectation of something

  • antiquated

    (adj.) outdated or old-fashioned

  • antiquity

    (n.) ancient times or objects

  • antiseptic

    (n.) substance preventing infection

  • appointment

    (n.) scheduled meeting

  • apprentice

    (n.) learner under a mentor

  • approval

    (n.) official permission or agreement

  • approve

    (v.) officially agree to or accept

  • aquamarine

    (adj.) blue-green mineral or color

  • aquarium

    (n.) place for keeping aquatic animals

  • arboreal

    (adj.) relating to trees

  • archaeology

    (n.) study of ancient societies

  • architect

    (n.) designer of buildings

  • arithmetic

    (n.) mathematical calculations

  • armor

    (n.) protective covering in battle

  • arms

    (n.) weapons or weapons system

  • array

    (v.) arranged grouping or display

  • arsenal

    (n.) military storage of weapons

  • artery

    (n.) blood vessel carrying blood away from heart

  • articulate

    (v.) express clearly and effectively

  • ascent

    (n.) climb or upward movement

  • assignment

    (n.) task or duty assigned

  • association

    (n.) group of related people or things

  • assorted

    (adj.) mixed variety of items

  • assortment

    (n.) variety of different types

  • assume

    (v.) to suppose or take for granted

  • assumption

    (n.) belief accepted without proof

  • assure

    (v.) guarantee or promise confidently

  • astonish

    (v.) to surprise greatly

  • astute

    (adj.) shrewd and perceptive

  • asymmetrical

    (adj.) lacking symmetry or balance

  • athlete

    (n.) sports person or competitor

  • atomization

    (n.) breaking into small particles

  • atrophy

    (n.) gradual wasting away

  • attempt

    (n.) to try or make an effort

  • audience

    (n.) group watching or listening

  • aurora

    (n.) natural light display in skies

  • autonomous

    (adj.) independent or self-governing

  • avenue

    (n.) wide road or street

  • average

    (adj.) typical or standard amount

  • averse

    (adj.) disinclined or opposed

  • aviator

    (n.) airplane pilot

  • avoid

    (v.) stay away from

  • axis

    (n.) central line around which something rotates

  • bachelor

    (n.) unmarried man

  • backbone

    (n.) spinal column; main support

  • balloonist

    (n.) person who flies hot air balloons

  • bankruptcy

    (n.) legal state of financial failure

  • bar

    (n.) metal rod or barrier

  • barb

    (n.) sharp projection or criticism

  • bark

    (n.) outer covering of a tree or dog・s shout

  • barrel

    (n.) cylindrical container for liquids or goods

  • barrenness

    (n.) state of being unproductive or sterile

  • barter

    (v.) exchange goods or services without money

  • bean

    (n.) edible seed from a plant, often in pod

  • bear

    (v.) large mammal that hibernates or endures

  • beat

    (v.) strike or rhythm in music or movement

  • behalf

    (n.) in the interest or support of someone

  • below

    (adv.) at a lower level or position

  • besiege

    (v.) surround and attack with forces

  • bilateral

    (adj.) involving two sides or parties

  • billion

    (n.) number equal to a thousand million

  • biologist

    (n.) scientist who studies living organisms

  • bitterness

    (n.) intense painful or unpleasant emotion

  • blink

    (v.) quick closing and opening of eyes

  • blizzard

    (n.) heavy snowstorm with strong winds

  • blossom

    (n.) flower or period of flowering in trees

  • boast

    (v.) brag or speak proudly about oneself

  • bolster

    (v.) support or strengthen mentally or physically

  • boredom

    (n.) state of being uninterested

  • boring

    (adj.) causing boredom or dullness

  • boulder

    (n.) large rounded rock

  • bound

    (n.) tied or restricted; to move quickly

  • bowl

    (v.) round shallow dish for food or liquid

  • braid

    (v.) interlace three or more strands

  • breathe

    (v.) take air into or out of lungs

  • breathtaking

    (adj.) astonishingly beautiful or exciting

  • briny

    (adj.) salty like the sea

  • broaden

    (v.) make wider or more extensive

  • bud

    (n.) undeveloped flower or leaf on a stem

  • buggy

    (n.) small vehicle or carriages for children

  • bulb

    (n.) rounded underground plant storage

  • bundle

    (v.) collection of things tied or wrapped together

  • burrow

    (n.) hole or tunnel for habitation or concealment

  • cab

    (n.) vehicle for transporting passengers

  • cabal

    (n.) secret group seeking power or influence

  • cabin

    (n.) small shelter or house in the woods

  • cadence

    (n.) rhythmic flow of sounds or words

  • calculator

    (n.) device for performing mathematical calculations

  • cancel

    (v.) call off or terminate something

  • candid

    (adj.) honest and straightforward

  • carat

    (n.) unit of weight for precious stones

  • career

    (n.) a profession or occupation over time

  • cargo

    (n.) goods carried by ship, plane, or vehicle

  • caricature

    (n.) exaggerated humorous drawing

  • cater

    (v.) provide food or service for events

  • cause

    (n.) reason for an action or event

  • cease

    (v.) come to an end or stop

  • ceremonial

    (n.) relating to formal events or rituals

  • chafe

    (v.) irritate or wear away by rubbing

  • chalk

    (n.) soft white or colored limestone

  • championship

    (n.) contest to determine best team or individual

  • characteristic

    (n.) distinguishing trait or feature

  • chat

    (n.) casual conversation or talk

  • check

    (v.) examine or verify accuracy

  • checkup

    (n.) medical examination or review

  • chili

    (n.) spicy pepper or food made with it

  • choppy

    (adj.) with abrupt, uneven movement

  • chronology

    (n.) arrangement of events in time

  • cipher

    (n.) secret code or zero value in math

  • circle

    (n.) round shape or object

  • circular

    (adj.) having the shape of a circle

  • circulation

    (n.) movement or flow of air or liquid

  • circumstance

    (n.) condition or fact affecting situation

  • citizenship

    (n.) legal status of being a citizen

  • clam

    (n.) shellfish with soft body and shell

  • clause

    (n.) grammatical unit with a subject and predicate

  • clay

    (n.) earthy material used in pottery

  • climate

    (n.) weather pattern of a region

  • cling

    (v.) hold on tightly or stubbornly

  • clip

    (n.) shorten or attach with a clip

  • coach

    (n.) person who trains or guides

  • coalescence

    (n.) process of coming together

  • coarse

    (adj.) rough or harsh in texture or quality

  • coffeepot

    (n.) vessel used to brew or serve coffee

  • cohesion

    (n.) act of sticking together tightly

  • coin

    (n.) small metal piece used as money

  • coincidence

    (n.) unexpected occurrence of events

  • collaborate

    (v.) work jointly on a project

  • collaboration

    (n.) act of working together

  • collusion

    (n.) secret agreement, often dishonest

  • colonize

    (v.) establish a colony or settlement

  • combine

    (v.) join or merge together

  • commerce

    (n.) buying and selling of goods

  • committee

    (n.) organized group for a purpose

  • community

    (n.) group sharing common interests

  • commuter

    (n.) person traveling to work regularly

  • compact

    (n.) small or tightly packed object or agreement

  • comparable

    (adj.) similar enough to compare

  • comparative

    (adj.) relative or relative to something else

  • compensation

    (n.) payment or reward for work

  • compensatory

    (adj.) making up for loss or damage

  • competition

    (n.) contest or rivalry

  • complement

    (n.) something that completes or enhances

  • complementary

    (adj.) mutually enhancing or matching

  • complicated

    (adj.) complex or difficult to understand

  • comply

    (v.) act in accordance with rules or requests

  • compose

    (v.) create or put together; write or produce

  • comprehend

    (v.) understand fully or grasp meaning

  • comprehensible

    (adj.) understandable or graspable

  • comprehensive

    (adj.) complete or all-encompassing

  • concept

    (n.) abstract idea or general notion

  • concurrent

    (adj.) happening at the same time

  • condiment

    (n.) flavoring added to food

  • condition

    (n.) state or situation of something

  • conductivity

    (n.) ability to transmit heat or electricity

  • confinement

    (n.) restriction within limits

  • confining

    (adj.) restrictive, limiting

  • confirm

    (v.) establish truth or correctness

  • conformity

    (n.) compliance with rules or standards

  • congratulation

    (n.) expression of happiness for someone

  • congruity

    (n.) harmony or agreement

  • connoisseur

    (n.) expert judge of taste or art

  • consecutive

    (adj.) following in unbroken sequence

  • consequence

    (n.) result or effect of an action

  • consequent

    (adj.) resulting; following as an effect

  • conservative

    (adj.) favoring traditional views

  • conserve

    (v.) maintain or protect from harm

  • considerably

    (adv.) to a great extent

  • considerate

    (adj.) thoughtful of others

  • consistent

    (adj.) unchanging; reliable

  • constrain

    (v.) restrict or limit

  • constraint

    (n.) limiting factor or restriction

  • consult

    (v.) seek advice or information

  • container

    (n.) object that holds something

  • contaminate

    (v.) make impure or dirty

  • content

    (n.) subject matter or substance

  • contented

    (adj.) feeling happiness with what is held

  • contiguous

    (adj.) sharing a common border

  • continuum

    (n.) continuous sequence or whole

  • contrast

    (v.) difference between two things

  • convenience

    (n.) usefulness or comfort

  • convention

    (n.) custom or accepted practice

  • convert

    (n.) change into different form

  • cooperate

    (v.) work together willingly

  • corn

    (n.) grain plant used for food

  • cosmopolitan

    (adj.) worldly or globally oriented

  • counseling

    (n.) providing guidance or therapy

  • couple

    (n.) pair or duo of things

  • craft

    (n.) skill in making things

  • crash

    (n.) sudden destructive collision

  • crayon

    (n.) coloring tool made of wax

  • creek

    (n.) natural stream of water

  • crippling

    (adj.) severely damaging or disabling

  • critical

    (adj.) of great importance; judgmental

  • critique

    (n.) detailed analysis or review

  • crossbones

    (n.) skull and crossed bones symbol

  • crossbreeding

    (n.) mating different species or varieties

  • crossing

    (n.) a place where roads or railway lines cross

  • crumple

    (v.) crumbling or crushing into folds

  • crush

    (v.) squash forcefully

  • cube

    (n.) solid square with six equal sides

  • curiosity

    (n.) desire to learn or know

  • current

    (n.) flow of water or electricity

  • cushion

    (n.) soft padding for comfort or protection

  • custom

    (n.) traditional practice or habit

  • customarily

    (adv.) usually or traditionally

  • cyclone

    (n.) large rotating storm

  • dart

    (v.) quick short movement or thrown object

  • dawn

    (n.) beginning of the day

  • dawning

    (n.) start or emergence of something new

  • dearth

    (n.) lack or scarcity of something

  • debris

    (n.) rubble or scattered fragments

  • decadent

    (adj.) overly luxurious or degenerated

  • decent

    (adj.) humane or modest; acceptable

  • declare

    (v.) announce or state openly

  • decline

    (n.) refuse or decrease in amount

  • defend

    (v.) protect against attack or criticism

  • deference

    (n.) respect for others' wishes

  • deferential

    (adj.) showing respectful submission

  • deficiency

    (n.) lack or shortage

  • definitely

    (adv.) absolutely; without doubt

  • dehydrate

    (v.) remove water from

  • dehydrated

    (adj.) having lost water

  • deign

    (v.) lower oneself to do something

  • delegate

    (n.) assign responsibility to others

  • demobilize

    (v.) discharge from military or work

  • demonstrate

    (v.) show clearly or prove

  • denote

    (v.) indicate or signify

  • dense

    (adj.) closely packed or thick

  • density

    (n.) mass per unit volume

  • depart

    (v.) leave or go away

  • dependable

    (adj.) reliable or trustworthy

  • dependence

    (n.) reliance on someone or something

  • dependent

    (adj.) contingent on something else

  • depict

    (v.) represent visually or describe

  • deposit

    (n.) money placed into an account

  • depressed

    (adj.) feeling extreme sadness

  • derivative

    (adj.) not original; taken from another

  • desalination

    (n.) removing salt from water

  • deserted

    (adj.) empty; abandoned

  • desirable

    (adj.) worth having or wanting

  • desolate

    (adj.) hollow, bleak, or deserted

  • desperately

    (adv.) in extreme urgency or need

  • despoiler

    (n.) one who strips or ruins

  • destination

    (n.) final point or goal

  • deterrent

    (n.) something that discourages

  • devastate

    (v.) cause severe destruction

  • device

    (n.) tool or gadget for a purpose

  • diagonal

    (n.) line connecting opposite corners

  • dialect

    (n.) linguistic regional variation

  • dietetics

    (n.) science of nutrition and diet

  • differentiate

    (v.) recognize differences between things

  • diffuse

    (v.) spread widely or thinly

  • digress

    (v.) leave main topic temporarily

  • digression

    (n.) departure from main subject

  • dilute

    (v.) make weaker or thinner

  • dilution

    (n.) process of making weaker

  • dim

    (adj.) lack brightness or clarity

  • diplomacy

    (n.) managing international relations tactfully

  • diplomatic

    (adj.) related to international diplomacy

  • disastrous

    (adj.) causing great damage or failure

  • discard

    (v.) get rid of something

  • discipline

    (n.) training to correct behaviors

  • discourse

    (n.) formal discussion or communication

  • discrete

    (adj.) separate and distinct

  • disgrace

    (n.) loss of reputation or respect

  • disgust

    (n.) strong feelings of dislike

  • disgusted

    (adj.) feeling strong aversion

  • dismiss

    (v.) send away or terminate

  • disrupt

    (v.) interrupt or disturb

  • dissipate

    (v.) scatter or disperse

  • dissipated

    (adj.) indulging excessively in pleasures

  • distance

    (n.) space between two points

  • distend

    (v.) become swollen or expanded

  • distinctive

    (adj.) unique or characteristic

  • distort

    (v.) twist out of shape

  • district

    (n.) administrative area or region

  • disturb

    (v.) interrupt peace or order

  • diversification

    (n.) adding variety or different types

  • diversified

    (adj.) including many different elements

  • diversify

    (v.) make more varied

  • divide

    (v.) split into parts

  • doll

    (n.) toy representing a human figure

  • domesticated

    (adj.) tamed and raised by humans

  • dormant

    (adj.) inactive or in sleep mode

  • dot

    (n.) small round spot

  • draft

    (n.) preliminary version of a document

  • dragonfly

    (n.) insect with elongated body and wings

  • dramatic

    (adj.) causing onstage or emotional impact

  • dramatically

    (adj.) in a striking or theatrical manner

  • dramatize

    (v.) make into a play or story

  • dreadful

    (adj.) causing fear or horror

  • driftwood

    (n.) wood floating on water

  • drowsy

    (adj.) feeling sleepy or lethargic

  • dull

    (adj.) lacking brightness or interest

  • dump

    (v.) carelessly discard or unload

  • duplicate

    (n.) copy exactly or closely

  • dwell

    (v.) live or stay somewhere

  • dwelling

    (n.) place of residence

  • dye

    (n.) coloring material or process

  • eclecticism

    (n.) choosing diverse styles or sources

  • economical

    (adj.) cost-effective or thrifty

  • economize

    (v.) saving money or resources

  • ecosystem

    (n.) interacting community of organisms and environment

  • edifice

    (n.) building or large structure

  • elaborate

    (v.) involving many details

  • elasticity

    (n.) ability to return to original shape

  • election

    (n.) selecting leaders by voting

  • elixir

    (n.) legendary potion or remedy

  • elliptical

    (adj.) shaped like an oval or ellipse

  • emblem

    (n.) symbol representing something

  • emboss

    (v.) raise design on surface

  • emigrant

    (n.) person who leaves their country

  • eminent

    (adj.) famous and respected

  • emotional

    (adj.) relating to feelings

  • emphasis

    (n.) special importance or focus

  • emphasize

    (v.) highlight or stress

  • employ

    (v.) hire or use someone's services

  • employee

    (n.) person working for a company

  • encompass

    (v.) surround and include

  • endanger

    (v.) put at risk of harm

  • endless

    (adj.) without limit or end

  • endure

    (v.) withstand hardship over time

  • enormous

    (adj.) very large in size or amount

  • ensemble

    (n.) group performing together

  • ephemeral

    (adj.) lasting a very short time

  • equal

    (adj.) being the same in quantity or value

  • escalate

    (v.) increase or intensify

  • escalator

    (n.) rising moving staircase

  • evaporate

    (v.) turn from liquid into vapor

  • eventual

    (adj.) ultimate or final

  • evidence

    (n.) proof that supports a fact

  • eviscerate

    (v.) remove internal organs or damage severely

  • exalted

    (adj.) higher in rank or rank

  • excavate

    (v.) dig out from the ground

  • excellent

    (adj.) of very high quality

  • exchange

    (n.) swap or trade

  • excitement

    (n.) state of high enthusiasm

  • excursion

    (n.) short trip or outing

  • exemplary

    (adj.) model of excellence

  • exemplify

    (v.) illustrate or clarify by example

  • exhaust

    (v.) drain of energy or resources

  • exhibit

    (v.) show or display publicly

  • exhilarate

    (v.) make extremely happy

  • expertise

    (n.) specialized skill or knowledge

  • exploitation

    (n.) using for personal benefit

  • exploration

    (n.) travel in search of new info

  • explorer

    (n.) person who investigates unknown

  • explosive

    (adj.) sudden burst or detonation

  • exposure

    (n.) being exposed to conditions

  • extension

    (n.) act of expanding or lengthening

  • extensive

    (adj.) covering a large area or amount

  • facet

    (n.) one side or aspect of something

  • facility

    (n.) place or equipment for a specific purpose

  • famine

    (n.) severe shortage of food causing hunger

  • fashion

    (n.) current popular style or trend

  • fashionable

    (adj.) in style or trendy

  • fatigue

    (n.) tiredness resulting from work or exertion

  • feeble

    (adj.) lacking strength or effectiveness

  • fermentation

    (n.) process producing alcohol or acids via microbes

  • ferry

    (n.) boat used to transport people or goods

  • fertile

    (adj.) capable of producing abundant crops

  • fiction

    (n.) imaginary storytelling or novel

  • figurehead

    (n.) decorative carved figure on ship's prow; symbol

  • filter

    (n.) device removing impurities from liquids or air

  • finance

    (n.) management of money, investments, and banking

  • financing

    (n.) providing funds for a project or purchase

  • flabby

    (adj.) lacking firmness or muscle tone

  • flake

    (n.) thin, flat piece broken off from something

  • flare

    (v.) sudden burst of bright light or flame

  • flashlight

    (n.) portable battery-powered light source

  • flavor

    (n.) characteristic taste of food or drink

  • flavoring

    (n.) additive that enhances taste

  • fleeting

    (adj.) lasting for a very short time

  • flock

    (v.) group of birds or animals

  • fluctuate

    (v.) to vary or change irregularly

  • flyspeck

    (n.) very small spot or mark

  • foghorn

    (n.) loud horn used on ships as a warning

  • folklore

    (n.) cultural stories and traditions passed down

  • foment

    (v.) to incite or stir up undesirable feelings

  • forge

    (n.) to create or make, especially with heat

  • fossil

    (n.) preserved remains of ancient plants or animals

  • fossilized

    (adj.) turned into stone or mineral over time

  • fraction

    (n.) small part of a whole number or amount

  • fragrance

    (n.) pleasant smell or aroma

  • frame

    (n.) supporting structure of a building or picture

  • framework

    (n.) basic structure or system guiding development

  • freight

    (n.) goods transported by ship, truck, or train

  • frugal

    (adj.) economical, avoiding waste or excess

  • frugality

    (n.) the quality of being economical with money or food; thriftiness

  • fruitless

    (adj.) without positive results or success

  • fumigate

    (v.) to disinfect using fumes or smoke

  • functional

    (adj.) designed to be practical and work properly

  • furnishing

    (n.) furniture and decor in a room

  • fusion

    (n.) combining two or more things into one

  • galvanization

    (n.) coating with zinc to prevent rust

  • galvanize

    (v.) to stimulate or excite into action

  • garbage

    (n.) waste material or refuse

  • gaudy

    (adj.) extravagantly bright or showy

  • gauge

    (n.) measure or estimate of quantity or size

  • gear

    (n.) equipment or machinery; a set of tools

  • genre

    (n.) category or type of artistic work

  • glacier

    (n.) large slowly moving mass of ice

  • glaze

    (n.) to cover with a glossy, shiny surface

  • glazed

    (adj.) lacquered with a smooth, shiny coating

  • glide

    (v.) to move smoothly and continuously

  • glimpse

    (v.) brief or quick look

  • global

    (adj.) relating to the entire world

  • glossy

    (adj.) having a shiny, smooth surface

  • glowing

    (adj.) luminous, shining brightly

  • gossip

    (n.) informal sharing of personal news

  • govern

    (v.) to control or rule officially

  • graft

    (v.) corruption or illegal transfer of money

  • grand

    (adj.) spectacular or impressive in appearance

  • granite

    (n.) hard, durable igneous rock

  • graphic

    (adj.) relating to visual art or images

  • graphite

    (n.) carbon-based material used in pencils

  • grasp

    (v.) to seize or hold firmly

  • grasshopper

    (n.) insect known for its jumping

  • grateful

    (adj.) feeling thankful or appreciative

  • gravity

    (n.) force that pulls objects toward earth

  • graze

    (v.) to feed on grass or to touch lightly

  • greedy

    (adj.) intensely eager for more than needed

  • gregarious

    (adj.) enjoying socializing with others

  • grim

    (adj.) serious, forbidding, or uninviting

  • grope

    (v.) to feel about blindly or uncertainly

  • grumble

    (v.) to complain or mutter in annoyance

  • gulp

    (v.) to swallow quickly or in large amounts

  • gymnastics

    (n.) physical exercises requiring skill

  • habit

    (n.) routine behavior regularly practiced

  • habitat

    (n.) natural environment of an organism

  • hallmark

    (n.) characteristic sign or feature

  • halt

    (v.) to stop movement or progress

  • harmless

    (adj.) causing no injury or damage

  • harmonica

    (n.) portable wind instrument

  • harness

    (n.) strap or device to control or hold something

  • harsh

    (adj.) unpleasantly severe or rough

  • hatchet

    (n.) small axe used for chopping

  • haunted

    (adj.) visited repeatedly by ghosts or spirits

  • helpless

    (adj.) unable to help oneself

  • herder

    (n.) person who tends to livestock

  • hesitant

    (adj.) uncertain or unsure about action

  • hibernate

    (v.) to spend winter in dormant state

  • hibernation

    (n.) late winter dormancy in animals

  • hoe

    (v.) tool for farming or gardening

  • hollow

    (adj.) empty space inside something

  • homesick

    (adj.) longing for one's home

  • horror

    (n.) intense fear or disgust

  • hostile

    (adj.) unfriendly or confrontational

  • hostility

    (n.) unfriendliness or opposition

  • hummingbird

    (n.) small bird able to hover midair

  • humorous

    (adj.) causing laughter or amusement

  • hunger

    (n.) feeling of needing or wanting food

  • hurl

    (v.) throw with force or violence

  • husk

    (n.) outer shell of a seed or fruit

  • hydrosphere

    (n.) all water on earth's surface and in atmosphere

  • hypothesize

    (v.) form a theory based on limited evidence

  • icon

    (n.) symbol representing an idea or object

  • identifiable

    (adj.) able to be recognized or distinguished

  • identification

    (n.) process of recognizing or naming someone or something

  • ideology

    (n.) system of beliefs or ideas guiding behavior

  • ignorant

    (adj.) lacking knowledge or awareness

  • illegible

    (adj.) difficult or impossible to read

  • illiterate

    (adj.) unable to read or write

  • illustrate

    (v.) explain with pictures or examples

  • image

    (n.) visual representation of a person or thing

  • imaginary

    (adj.) created by the mind; not real

  • immobile

    (adj.) not moving; motionless

  • immobilize

    (v.) prevent movement of something or someone

  • immune

    (adj.) protected from harm or disease

  • impart

    (v.) to give or bestow information or knowledge

  • implement

    (n.) tools or equipment for a task

  • implication

    (n.) possible consequence or effect

  • impractical

    (adj.) not realistic or feasible

  • improbable

    (adj.) unlikely to happen

  • inaccessible

    (adj.) impossible to reach or enter

  • inactivate

    (v.) make inactive or nonfunctional

  • inappropriate

    (adj.) unsuitable or not proper

  • inaugurate

    (v.) begin officially or formally

  • incandescent

    (adj.) emitting light from heat; brilliantly bright

  • incense

    (n.) scented substance burned for fragrance

  • incentive

    (n.) motivation to do something; encouragement

  • incessant

    (adj.) continuing without interruption

  • inclined

    (adj.) tending toward; leaning or predisposed

  • inclusive

    (adj.) covering or including everything concerned

  • inconclusive

    (adj.) not leading to a definite conclusion

  • incredible

    (adj.) unbelievable; astonishing

  • indefinite

    (adj.) without clear limit or end

  • indicative

    (adj.) suggesting or pointing to something else

  • indifference

    (n.) lack of interest or concern

  • ineligible

    (adj.) not suitable or qualified for something

  • inevitably

    (adv.) sure to happen; unavoidable

  • inferiority

    (n.) lower rank or status; subordinate position

  • infertile

    (adj.) unable to produce offspring or crops

  • inflexible

    (adj.) unwilling to change or adapt

  • inhabitant

    (n.) resident of a place

  • inhibit

    (v.) hinder or restrain an action or process

  • injustice

    (n.) unfair or wrongful treatment

  • insight

    (n.) deep understanding of a person or thing

  • insist

    (v.) demand firmly or persistently

  • inspiration

    (n.) motivation or creative stimulation

  • inspiring

    (adj.) causing enthusiasm or motivation

  • install

    (v.) set up for use or operation

  • instinctive

    (adj.) prompted by instinct rather than thought

  • instruct

    (v.) teach or provide information

  • instructive

    (adj.) providing useful knowledge or lessons

  • instrument

    (n.) tool used to perform a task

  • instrumental

    (adj.) important in achieving a result

  • instrumentalist

    (n.) performer who plays an instrument

  • intact

    (adj.) whole; not damaged or broken

  • intelligible

    (adj.) able to be understood

  • intensify

    (v.) make stronger or more extreme

  • intensive

    (adj.) requiring a great deal of effort or attention

  • interactive

    (adj.) allowing two-way communication or action

  • interest

    (n.) enthusiasm or curiosity about something

  • interrupt

    (v.) stop or break into a process

  • intricacy

    (n.) complexity or detailedness

  • intricately

    (adv.) in a detailed or complex manner

  • intruder

    (n.) person who enters without permission

  • involuntary

    (adj.) done without conscious control

  • ironic

    (adj.) expressing irony; opposite of expected

  • irrevocable

    (adj.) impossible to undo or change

  • irrigate

    (v.) supply water to land or crops

  • isolate

    (v.) separate from others; set apart

  • issue

    (n.) distribute or provide; a problem

  • iterate

    (v.) repeat a process or statement

  • itinerant

    (adj.) traveling from place to place

  • jagged

    (adj.) having rough, sharp edges

  • jelly

    (n.) soft, gel-like substance

  • jog

    (v.) run at a slow, steady pace

  • jolt

    (n.) sudden jerking or shaking motion

  • journalist

    (n.) person who reports news stories

  • justly

    (adv.) fairly; in a just manner

  • juvenile

    (n.) immature or childish

  • ken

    (n.) knowledge or understanding of something

  • kymograph

    (n.) instrument recording physiological changes

  • laborer

    (n.) worker engaged in manual work

  • lace

    (v.) decorative fabric or string for tying

  • landing

    (n.) area where something lands or touches ground

  • landscape

    (n.) landscape scenery; view of natural features

  • landslide

    (n.) sudden movement of earth downhill

  • lash

    (n.) strike or hit; a whip・s action

  • laundry

    (n.) clothes and linens that need washing

  • lave

    (v.) wash over or bathe; wash or rinse

  • layer

    (n.) one thickness of material piled on another

  • layman

    (n.) non-expert or amateur

  • lease

    (n.) legal agreement for temporary use of property

  • leisurely

    (adj.) freedom from work; free time

  • liberty

    (n.) freedom from restriction or control

  • likewise

    (adv.) in addition; similarly

  • limestone

    (n.) chemical sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate

  • literally

    (adv.) exactly; word for word

  • lithosphere

    (n.) earth's outer solid shell

  • livelihood

    (n.) means of supporting life or existence

  • load

    (n.) a heavy or bulk of something; weight.

  • location

    (n.) specific place or position.

  • locomotion

    (n.) movement from one place to another.

  • lodge

    (n.) shelter or small house in the woods.

  • loose

    (adj.) not tight or firmly fixed.

  • lumber

    (n.) wood prepared for building.

  • lumbering

    (adj.) walking heavily or clumsily.

  • luminous

    (adj.) emitting light; bright.

  • lure

    (n.) attract or tempt skillfully.

  • luster

    (n.) shine or gloss; gentle brightness.

  • luxurious

    (adj.) extremely comfortable or elegant.

  • luxury

    (n.) high-quality and expensive comfort.

  • lyric

    (n.) poetry expressing personal feelings.

  • maize

    (n.) corn; grain used for food.

  • majestic

    (adj.) impressive; grand; dignified.

  • majority

    (n.) more than half; greater part.

  • malign

    (v.) critisize or hurt reputation.

  • mall

    (n.) large shopping center.

  • malnutrition

    (n.) poor nutrition; inadequate diet.

  • mammal

    (n.) warm-blooded vertebrate with fur.

  • manifestation

    (n.) display or outward expression.

  • march

    (n.) walk with steady steps.

  • marine

    (adj.) related to the sea.

  • markedly

    (adv.) significantly; noticeably.

  • marsh

    (n.) wetland area with water and plants.

  • marvel

    (n.) wonder or astonishing thing.

  • marvelous

    (adj.) extremely good or astonishing.

  • match

    (n.) pair that goes together or contest.

  • matchstick

    (n.) small stick for lighting fire.

  • mathematics

    (n.) study of numbers and shapes.

  • meaningful

    (adj.) having purpose or significance.

  • mediate

    (v.) intervene to resolve disputes.

  • medieval

    (adj.) relating to middle ages.

  • medium

    (n.) average size or amount.

  • melody

    (n.) pleasant tune or sequence of notes.

  • melt

    (v.) change from solid to liquid.

  • membrane

    (n.) thin layer covering something.

  • memorable

    (adj.) worth remembering; notable.

  • memorandum

    (n.) brief written note or message.

  • mend

    (v.) repair or fix damage.

  • mention

    (v.) refer briefly or casually.

  • mercantile

    (adj.) related to trade or merchants.

  • merit

    (n.) valuable quality or achievement.

  • meteorite

    (n.) space rock that lands on earth.

  • meteorologist

    (n.) weather forecast expert.

  • methodically

    (adv.) in an organized or systematic way.

  • methodology

    (n.) system of methods used.

  • microcosm

    (n.) small representation of a larger system.

  • microscopic

    (adj.) visible only with a microscope.

  • migratory

    (adj.) moving seasonally from place to place.

  • millennium

    (n.) period of one thousand years.

  • miniature

    (adj.) very small scale replica.

  • minimal

    (adj.) least possible; small amount.

  • minimum

    (adj.) smallest amount or degree.

  • minuscule

    (adj.) very tiny or small.

  • miracle

    (n.) wonderful event beyond natural laws.

  • mirage

    (n.) optical illusion caused by heat.

  • miserable

    (adj.) unhappy or uncomfortable.

  • misfortune

    (n.) bad luck or unfortunate event.

  • mistrust

    (n.) distrust or lack of confidence.

  • moat

    (n.) deep trench around a castle.

  • mock

    (v.) ridicule or imitate derisively.

  • moderate

    (adj.) average in amount or intensity.

  • moist

    (adj.) slightly wet; damp.

  • moisture

    (n.) water present in small amounts.

  • molecule

    (n.) smallest unit of a substance.

  • monument

    (n.) structure to honor or commemorate.

  • mortar

    (n.) building material made of cement.

  • motionless

    (adj.) not moving; still.

  • mournful

    (adj.) feeling or expressing sadness.

  • mulberry

    (n.) type of fruit-bearing tree.

  • mural

    (n.) large painting on a wall.

  • mushroom

    (n.) fungi with a cap and stalk.

  • mythology

    (n.) study of myths and legends.

  • narrator

    (n.) person telling a story.

  • naturalistic

    (adj.) realistic depiction of nature.

  • navigate

    (v.) find one's way or route.

  • negligible

    (adj.) too small to matter.

  • niche

    (n.) suitable position or role.

  • nonfiction

    (n.) based on facts; real events.

  • nonsense

    (n.) lacking meaning or sense.

  • normally

    (adv.) usually or typically.

  • notable

    (adj.) worth paying attention to.

  • notate

    (v.) mark or write musical notes.

  • notation

    (n.) system of written symbols.

  • notch

    (n.) v-shaped cut or indentation.

  • oath

    (n.) formal promise or vow.

  • obedient

    (adj.) willing to follow instructions.

  • obligated

    (adj.) bound by duty or obligation.

  • obsession

    (n.) persistent and consuming preoccupation.

  • obstruct

    (v.) block or get in the way of.

  • occasionally

    (adv.) sometimes; not regularly.

  • occupant

    (n.) person who resides somewhere.

  • occur

    (v.) take place or happen.

  • odor

    (n.) smell or scent.

  • opposite

    (n.) exact different; facing each other.

  • oral

    (adj.) relating to the mouth or speaking.

  • orbit

    (v.) path of an object around a star or planet.

  • ordeal

    (n.) severe or painful experience.

  • organic

    (adj.) relating to living matter.

  • ounce

    (n.) unit of weight equal to 1/16 pound.

  • outcome

    (n.) result of a situation or event

  • outgoing

    (adj.) sociable and friendly person

  • outlying

    (adj.) situated on outskirts or fringe

  • overbalance

    (v.) to tip or weigh more heavily

  • overhaul

    (v.) to repair or renovate thoroughly

  • overlap

    (n.) to extend over or cover part of something

  • oversee

    (v.) to supervise or manage others

  • overtire

    (v.) to become extremely tired

  • overturn

    (v.) to flip or turn upside down

  • ozone

    (n.) a gas protecting earth's atmosphere

  • paddler

    (n.) someone who propels a boat with a paddle

  • painstaking

    (adj.) done with great care and effort

  • pane

    (n.) a flat sheet of glass in a window

  • panic

    (n.) sudden overwhelming fear or anxiety

  • pants

    (n.) trousers or slacks worn on the legs

  • parachute

    (n.) device for slowed descent from sky

  • paraphrase

    (v.) to restate in different words

  • passion

    (n.) intense emotion or enthusiasm

  • passionate

    (adj.) showing strong emotions or enthusiasm

  • path

    (n.) a route or trail for walking

  • patroller

    (n.) one who monitors or guards an area

  • patronage

    (n.) support provided by a patron

  • paucity

    (n.) smallness or scarcity of something

  • pauper

    (n.) extremely poor person

  • peak

    (n.) the highest point or summit

  • pebble

    (n.) small rounded stone

  • peculiar

    (adj.) strange or unusual

  • pedagogy

    (n.) art or science of teaching

  • penal

    (adj.) relating to punishment or prisons

  • penchant

    (n.) a strong liking or preference

  • penetrating

    (adj.) able to pierce or see through

  • perception

    (n.) the way one perceives or understands

  • percolate

    (v.) to filter gradually through a barrier

  • percussion

    (adj.) musical instruments struck to produce sound

  • perennially

    (adv.) lasting for many years; constantly

  • periodic

    (adj.) recurring at regular intervals

  • permanent

    (adj.) lasting forever or a long time

  • permeate

    (v.) to spread or soak through

  • perpendicular

    (adj.) at a right angle; vertical

  • perspire

    (v.) to sweat through the skin

  • philology

    (n.) study of language in historical texts

  • photosensitive

    (adj.) reacting to light

  • photosynthesis

    (n.) process of converting light to energy in plants

  • picturesque

    (adj.) visually attractive or charming

  • pigment

    (n.) substance that gives color to material

  • pinpoint

    (v.) to locate precisely or small dot

  • pioneer

    (n.) to be among first to explore or develop

  • pique

    (n.) to stimulate interest or curiosity

  • plagiarism

    (n.) copying others' work without credit

  • plain

    (n.) simple or without decoration

  • platform

    (n.) a raised surface for speakers or trains

  • playwright

    (n.) writer of plays or dramas

  • plump

    (adj.) comfortably full or rounded

  • polarize

    (v.) to divide into opposing groups

  • polish

    (v.) to make smooth or shiny

  • poll

    (n.) survey of opinions or votes

  • pollination

    (n.) transfer of pollen to plant for reproduction

  • pollutant

    (n.) harmful substance in environment

  • popcorn

    (n.) puffy snack made from heated corn

  • porcupine

    (n.) rodent with sharp quills on its back

  • pore

    (n.) tiny opening in skin or surface

  • portion

    (n.) part of a whole; serving or piece

  • postage

    (n.) fee for mailing letters or packages

  • poster

    (n.) printed image posted publicly

  • postgraduate

    (n.) someone studying after a degree

  • pottery

    (n.) objects made from clay and baked

  • pound

    (n.) unit of weight or to strike heavily

  • practically

    (adv.) nearly or almost what is needed

  • prairie

    (n.) large open grassy area

  • precarious

    (adj.) uncertain or risky situation

  • precipitation

    (n.) water falling from sky; rainfall

  • predict

    (v.) to say what will happen in future

  • premature

    (adj.) happening too early; untimely

  • preoccupation

    (n.) absorbed focus or concern

  • preponderance

    (n.) greater quantity or importance

  • prerequisite

    (n.) requirement before doing something

  • prescribed

    (adj.) officially recommended or set

  • prescription

    (n.) doctor・s medical instruction

  • presence

    (n.) state of existing or being present

  • preservative

    (n.) substance used to preserve food

  • preserve

    (v.) to keep intact or save from decay

  • pressure

    (n.) force exerted on object

  • presumable

    (adj.) likely or probably true

  • prevalent

    (adj.) commonly occurring or accepted

  • prey

    (n.) animal hunted for food by predators

  • primal

    (adj.) original or fundamental

  • pristine

    (adj.) in pure or original condition

  • privilege

    (n.) special right or advantage

  • proceeding

    (n.) an event or series of actions

  • prod

    (v.) to poke or urge to move

  • proficiency

    (n.) skill or competence in something

  • progression

    (n.) gradual development or movement

  • prohibitive

    (adj.) forbidding or restraining

  • prooficient

    (adj.) erroneously spelled; likely should be proficient

  • propellant

    (n.) substance that fuels a rocket or engine

  • proposal

    (n.) plan or suggestion for consideration

  • prosecute

    (v.) to bring legal action against someone

  • prospect

    (v.) likelihood of future success

  • prospector

    (n.) person searching for minerals; gemstone or metal.

  • prosperous

    (adj.) successful; financially thriving or flourishing.

  • provision

    (n.) supply of necessities or food; a condition.

  • provocation

    (n.) act of provoking; stimulus to anger or action.

  • provoke

    (v.) to incite or stimulate; to anger or arouse.

  • proximity

    (n.) nearness; closeness in space or time.

  • psychology

    (n.) study of mind and behavior.

  • publicity

    (n.) public visibility; attention or advertising.

  • puddle

    (n.) small pool of water; muddy or dirty spot.

  • pumpkin

    (n.) large orange gourd; used for food or decoration.

  • pungent

    (adj.) having sharp, strong smell or taste.

  • qualm

    (n.) feeling of doubt or uneasiness.

  • quarry

    (n.) hunted animal; mineral or excavation site.

  • questionable

    (adj.) doubtful; not certain or clear.

  • radiate

    (v.) to emit or send out rays or heat.

  • radiation

    (n.) energy emitted as rays or particles.

  • rage

    (n.) intense anger; violent fury.

  • ragged

    (adj.) torn; having rough or uneven edges.

  • raid

    (n.) sudden attack or incursion; theft.

  • ramble

    (v.) to wander aimlessly; long, confused speech.

  • rampant

    (adj.) unchecked; spreading wildly.

  • rare

    (adj.) uncommon; infrequent.

  • rarefy

    (v.) to make less dense or thick.

  • ration

    (v.) fixed portion of supplies; to distribute.

  • ravel

    (v.) to tangle or unravel; to confuse.

  • rayon

    (n.) synthetic fiber made from cellulose.

  • rear

    (n.) back part of something; to rise up.

  • rebel

    (v.) to oppose authority; person resisting control.

  • rebellious

    (adj.) resisting authority or control.

  • rebuke

    (v.) to criticize or reprimand sharply.

  • recall

    (v.) to remember; to call back.

  • receptionist

    (n.) person who greets visitors or callers.

  • recession

    (n.) economic decline; withdrawal.

  • reckless

    (adj.) without caution; careless or rash.

  • reclamation

    (n.) process of converting wasteland; recovery.

  • recommend

    (v.) to suggest or endorse favorably.

  • reconstruction

    (n.) rebuilding after damage or destruction.

  • rectify

    (v.) to correct or make right.

  • recurring

    (adj.) happening repeatedly; periodic.

  • recycle

    (v.) to reuse materials; process again.

  • reed

    (n.) tall grass, flexible and woody.

  • refinement

    (n.) improvement or elegance; purification.

  • refraction

    (n.) bending of light passing through medium.

  • refurbish

    (v.) to restore or redecorate; renovate.

  • regardless

    (adj.) without considering; anyway.

  • regenerate

    (v.) to restore or grow anew.

  • regulatory

    (adj.) relating to rules or regulations.

  • rehabilitate

    (v.) to restore to good condition; re-educate.

  • reign

    (n.) period of rule; royal authority.

  • reinforce

    (v.) to strengthen or support.

  • reiterate

    (v.) to repeat for emphasis.

  • reject

    (v.) to refuse or dismiss; to throw away.

  • relaxation

    (n.) restful activity; state of leisure.

  • relentless

    (adj.) persistent; unyielding.

  • reliability

    (n.) trustworthiness; consistency of performance.

  • reliable

    (adj.) dependable; trustworthy.

  • reliant

    (adj.) dependent on; trusting in.

  • relic

    (n.) an ancient object; historical item.

  • reluctant

    (adj.) hesitant; unwilling.

  • remainder

    (n.) what is left after removal.

  • remaining

    (n.) still present; leftover.

  • remarkable

    (adj.) extraordinary; worthy of notice.

  • remedy

    (v.) cure or solution; to fix or correct.

  • remnant

    (n.) remaining part or fragment.

  • renaissance

    (n.) cultural revival; rebirth.

  • rendition

    (n.) performance; interpretation.

  • renew

    (v.) to make new again; to continue.

  • renovate

    (v.) to restore or repair; update.

  • renunciation

    (n.) rejection or abandonment.

  • reorient

    (v.) to change direction or focus.

  • repertory

    (n.) collection of works or themes.

  • replace

    (v.) to substitute or set anew.

  • represent

    (v.) to symbolize or stand for.

  • repute

    (v.) reputation or regard.

  • reputed

    (adj.) generally thought; supposed.

  • reservoir

    (n.) storage for water or other fluids.

  • residual

    (adj.) remaining after removal.

  • residue

    (n.) leftover substance or remains.

  • resist

    (v.) to withstand or oppose.

  • resistant

    (adj.) able to withstand or oppose.

  • resonance

    (n.) sound or effect that continues.

  • resort

    (n.) popular destination or refuge; to turn to.

  • respectively

    (adv.) in corresponding order.

  • respond

    (v.) to reply or answer.

  • retail

    (adj.) selling goods directly to consumers.

  • retract

    (v.) to withdraw or take back.

  • retrospect

    (n.) looking back; review of past.

  • revere

    (v.) to regard with deep respect.

  • reverent

    (adj.) showing deep respect or veneration.

  • revive

    (v.) to restore consciousness or strength.

  • rifle

    (n.) firearm; to search thoroughly.

  • rift

    (n.) a crack or split; disagreement.

  • rigid

    (adj.) stiff; inflexible.

  • rigidity

    (n.) stiffness or inflexibility.

  • rigor

    (n.) strictness; severity.

  • riot

    (n.) chaotic public disturbance; uprising.

  • rip

    (v.) to tear or split apart.

  • roam

    (v.) to wander without purpose.

  • robust

    (adj.) strong and healthy; sturdy.

  • rod

    (n.) thin straight stick or bar.

  • roost

    (n.) perch for birds; to settle or rest.

  • rotation

    (n.) the act of rotating around an axis or center

  • routine

    (n.) regular procedure or habit followed routinely

  • rugged

    (adj.) rough, durable, or sturdy in texture or construction

  • ruin

    (n.) complete destruction or decay of something

  • rumble

    (v.) low, continuous, deep sound or noise

  • rustic

    (adj.) relating to the countryside or rural life

  • rustproof

    (adj.) resistant to rust or corrosion

  • saline

    (adj.) containing salt or salty in nature

  • sample

    (n.) a small part or quantity representing the whole

  • sap

    (n.) the fluid that circulates within a plant

  • saturate

    (v.) to soak completely, filling to capacity

  • save

    (v.) to rescue or keep safe; to set aside

  • savings

    (n.) money stored for future use

  • scaled

    (adj.) marked with scales or a series of levels

  • scapegoat

    (n.) person blamed for others' faults

  • scatter

    (v.) to spread randomly over an area

  • scene

    (n.) setting or environment of an event

  • scour

    (v.) to clean or search thoroughly

  • scramble

    (n.) to move hurriedly or confusedly

  • scrap

    (v.) small piece or leftover material

  • screen

    (n.) a surface that blocks or filters light

  • sculpture

    (n.) art of shaping material into art

  • seamount

    (n.) underwater mountain rising from ocean floor

  • seaport

    (n.) town or place with a harbor for ships

  • secret

    (n.) hidden or concealed information

  • sect

    (n.) small religious or ideological group

  • secular

    (adj.) non-religious; worldly

  • sedentary

    (adj.) sitting habitually; inactive

  • sedimentary

    (adj.) formed by depositing material over time

  • seduce

    (v.) to lure or entice into temptation

  • seedling

    (n.) young plant grown from seed

  • segment

    (n.) part separated from the whole

  • semester

    (n.) half-year academic term

  • semiarid

    (adj.) climate with light rainfall

  • sensational

    (adj.) causing great excitement or interest

  • sensitivity

    (n.) ability to respond to stimuli

  • sentimentalism

    (n.) excessive emotional attachment

  • separate

    (v.) to divide into parts or sections

  • sequence

    (n.) ordered series of events or items

  • serrated

    (adj.) having a notched or sawtooth edge

  • severe

    (adj.) very strict, harsh, or intense

  • sewer

    (n.) underground conduit for waste water

  • sewerage

    (n.) system for removing waste from buildings

  • sharply

    (adjv.) in a sudden or abrupt manner

  • sheer

    (adj.) pure, steep, or absolute

  • shell

    (v.) hard outer covering of some animals

  • shelter

    (n.) structure that provides protection

  • shingle

    (n.) small flat stone or a row of such stones

  • shipment

    (n.) cargo or goods sent by transport

  • shock

    (n.) sudden upsetting or disturbance

  • shrivel

    (v.) to wrinkle and contract; wither

  • shy

    (adj.) feeling nervous or timid

  • sickness

    (n.) state of being ill or unwell

  • sideways

    (adv.) in a lateral or side position

  • siege

    (n.) surrounding forces to capture

  • silica

    (n.) mineral compound of silicon and oxygen

  • silicate

    (n.) mineral containing silicon and oxygen

  • sinuous

    (adj.) having many curves or turns

  • skeptical

    (adj.) doubtful or questioning

  • skyscraper

    (n.) very tall multi-story building

  • slender

    (adj.) slim or gracefully thin

  • slide

    (v.) to move smoothly along a surface

  • slippery

    (adj.) difficult to hold or stand on

  • sloop

    (n.) small single-masted sailboat

  • slumber

    (n.) sleep or light sleep

  • softwood

    (n.) wood from coniferous trees

  • solder

    (v.) metal alloy used to join metals

  • solemn

    (adj.) serious or grave in manner

  • solicit

    (v.) to ask for or seek earnestly

  • solidarity

    (n.) unity or agreement among people

  • solitude

    (n.) state of being alone or isolated

  • sophisticated

    (adj.) highly developed or complex

  • sour

    (adj.) acidic taste or flavor

  • souvenir

    (n.) object kept as a reminder

  • spaceship

    (n.) vehicle designed for space travel

  • spacious

    (adj.) large and roomy

  • span

    (v.) distance between two points

  • spangle

    (n.) small sparkling decorations

  • spark

    (v.) small flash of light or flame

  • sparsely

    (adv.) in a scattered or thin manner

  • specific

    (adj.) clearly defined or identified

  • spinet

    (n.) small keyboard musical instrument

  • spinning

    (adj.) rapid rotation around an axis

  • spiral

    (adj.) curve that winds around center

  • sponge

    (n.) a porous material or aquatic animal

  • spontaneously

    (adv.) without premeditation; naturally

  • springtime

    (n.) season of spring; renewal

  • spur

    (v.) to encourage or stimulate

  • squarely

    (adv.) directly or honestly

  • stagger

    (v.) to walk unsteadily or hesitate

  • stain

    (n.) mark that spoils appearance

  • stalk

    (n.) the main stem of a plant

  • standardized

    (adj.) made to conform to a norm

  • stanza

    (n.) group of lines in a poem

  • staple

    (n.) main or essential element

  • starch

    (n.) carbohydrate used as thickener or binder

  • statue

    (n.) carved or cast sculpture of a person or thing

  • steady

    (adj.) firm, stable, or unchanging

  • steak

    (n.) cut of beef or other meat

  • steep

    (v.) to soak in liquid; or very high

  • stem

    (v.) main stalk of a plant or flower

  • stern

    (adj.) strict or severe in manner

  • stiffen

    (v.) become rigid or firm

  • stipulate

    (v.) specify explicitly as a condition

  • stitch

    (v.) sewing loop or thread for mending

  • stocky

    (adj.) short and sturdily built

  • strain

    (n.) apply force causing deformation or stress

  • strand

    (n.) a single length of fiber or thread

  • stride

    (n.) long, confident step

  • strip

    (v.) a long narrow piece or area

  • stubborn

    (adj.) unwilling to change willingly

  • stubbornness

    (n.) refusal to change attitude

  • studio

    (n.) room for creating art or recordings

  • stun

    (v.) cause to become temporarily unconscious

  • sturdy

    (adj.) reliably strong and durable

  • stylized

    (adj.) depicted in a distinctive manner

  • submarine

    (n.) underwater watercraft

  • submerge

    (v.) go underwater or under surface

  • submerged

    (adj.) placed underwater

  • subside

    (v.) become less intense or severe

  • subsidiary

    (adj.) dependent or secondary branch

  • subsidize

    (v.) support financially

  • subsistence

    (n.) living with minimum necessities

  • subspecies

    (adj.) subdivision of a species

  • subtle

    (adj.) done in a delicate manner

  • subtract

    (v.) deduct or take away

  • suburbanite

    (n.) resident of suburbs

  • subversive

    (adj.) aiming to overthrow authority

  • succumb

    (v.) yields to pressure or temptation

  • summit

    (n.) highest point or peak

  • sunglasses

    (n.) eyewear protecting eyes from sunlight

  • superficial

    (adj.) near surface or shallow

  • supplant

    (v.) replace or displace

  • supplement

    (n.) add to enhance or complete

  • supposedly

    (adv.) according to assumption or belief

  • surplus

    (adj.) excess beyond need

  • suspense

    (n.) feeling of excitement or tension

  • swallow

    (v.) consume food or liquid

  • swampy

    (adj.) miry or marshy ground

  • sway

    (v.) move slowly side to side

  • swiftness

    (n.) speed or quickness

  • symbiotic

    (adj.) mutually beneficial relationship

  • symbol

    (n.) representational sign or object

  • symbolize

    (v.) represent by a symbol

  • symptom

    (n.) sign of a disease

  • synonymous

    (adj.) having same or similar meaning

  • synthetic

    (n.) man-made or artificial

  • tactics

    (n.) strategies or methods

  • tactile

    (adj.) relating to touch

  • talent

    (n.) natural aptitude or skill

  • talented

    (adj.) having natural ability

  • tapeworm

    (n.) parasitic flatworm

  • tariff

    (n.) tax on imports or exports

  • tedious

    (adj.) too long or monotonous

  • temperance

    (n.) moderation or self-restraint

  • temperate

    (adj.) moderate in action or thought

  • tendency

    (n.) inclination toward something

  • tense

    (adj.) stretched tight or anxious

  • terminate

    (v.) bring to an end

  • terminology

    (n.) specialized vocabulary

  • termite

    (n.) society-destroying insect

  • terrace

    (n.) flat raised level area

  • theme

    (n.) main subject or idea

  • thereby

    (adv.) by that means or as a result

  • thorn

    (n.) sharp pointed plant projection

  • threadlike

    (adj.) very thin and fine

  • thunderstorm

    (n.) storm with thunder and lightning

  • tilt

    (n.) slant or incline

  • timber

    (n.) wood prepared for building

  • timid

    (adj.) lacking courage or confidence

  • tolerant

    (adj.) willing to accept differences

  • torpor

    (n.) state of physical or mental sluggishness

  • torque

    (n.) force causing rotation

  • torrent

    (n.) strong, fast-moving stream of water

  • totter

    (v.) move unsteadily or shakily

  • toxin

    (n.) poisons produced by organisms

  • track

    (n.) road or path for passage

  • transcend

    (v.) go beyond limits or boundaries

  • transcript

    (n.) written or printed version

  • transfer

    (n.) move from one place to another

  • tread

    (v.) carefully step or walk

  • trespass

    (v.) enter unlawfully

  • trespasser

    (n.) person who trespasses

  • trilogy

    (n.) set of three related works

  • triumph

    (n.) victory or great achievement

  • trivial

    (adj.) of little importance

  • trove

    (n.) valuable collection or store

  • tuition

    (n.) fee for instruction

  • tundra

    (n.) a treeless cold biome

  • turbulence

    (n.) unsteady or chaotic motion

  • turnpike

    (n.) toll road for vehicles

  • twig

    (n.) small branch or stick

  • twist

    (v.) rotate or bend out of shape

  • tycoon

    (n.) wealthy and powerful person

  • typify

    (v.) represent or symbolize

  • ultrasonic

    (adj.) above human hearing range

  • ultraviolet

    (adj.) light beyond violet spectrum

  • unanimous

    (adj.) sharing the same opinion

  • unbearable

    (adj.) impossible to endure

  • unbridled

    (adj.) unrestrained or uncontrolled

  • unbroken

    (adj.) intact or undamaged

  • uncover

    (v.) reveal or expose previously hidden

  • undergraduate

    (n.) student in early college years

  • underground

    (adj.) beneath earth's surface or hidden

  • undermine

    (v.) weaken gradually or secretly

  • underneath

    (adv.) beneath or below something

  • undertake

    (v.) commit to do or start something

  • undertaking

    (n.) project or task to accomplish

  • underwater

    (adj.) below the water's surface

  • undistorted

    (adj.) not altered or twisted

  • undo

    (v.) reverse or cancel an action

  • undoubtedly

    (adv.) certainly or without doubt

  • unfair

    (adj.) not just or equitable

  • unfortunately

    (adv.) sadly or regrettably

  • uniformity

    (n.) consistency or sameness

  • uninhabited

    (adj.) not occupied or populated

  • unique

    (adj.) one of a kind; special

  • unload

    (v.) remove cargo or load

  • unmatched

    (adj.) not equal or better than

  • unpack

    (v.) take out of packaging

  • unquestionably

    (adv.) certainly or definitely

  • unravel

    (v.) undo or disentangle

  • unrestrained

    (adj.) not held back; free

  • unrestricted

    (adj.) not limited or confined

  • unscrupulous

    (adj.) lacking morals or ethics

  • unscrupulously

    (adv.) immorally or unethically

  • unselfish

    (adj.) selfless; caring for others

  • upheaval

    (n.) sudden or violent change

  • uphold

    (v.) support or maintain

  • urbane

    (adj.) polished, sophisticated, city-like

  • urbanization

    (n.) growth of cities

  • utility

    (n.) usefulness or benefit

  • utilization

    (n.) the act of using something

  • utter

    (v.) complete or absolute

  • utterance

    (n.) spoken word or statement

  • vacant

    (adj.) empty, unoccupied

  • vaporize

    (v.) turn into vapor or gas

  • vastness

    (n.) immense size or extent

  • vegetarian

    (n.) person who eats plant foods

  • veneration

    (n.) deep respect or reverence

  • vent

    (n.) an opening for escape or release

  • venturesome

    (adj.) willing to take risks

  • venue

    (n.) location for events

  • version

    (n.) form or variant of something

  • vertical

    (adj.) upright; perpendicular

  • vestige

    (n.) trace or remnant of something

  • veteran

    (n.) experienced person or soldier

  • vibrate

    (v.) shake rapidly back and forth

  • victorious

    (adj.) having won a competition

  • victory

    (n.) success or achievement in battle

  • vie

    (v.) compete eagerly for something

  • vigilance

    (n.) watchfulness for danger

  • vigorous

    (adj.) strong, energetic, or forceful

  • vine

    (n.) climbing plant or creeper

  • violent

    (adj.) causing physical force or destruction

  • violin

    (n.) stringed musical instrument

  • virtuosity

    (n.) exceptional skill or talent

  • viscous

    (adj.) thick, sticky consistency

  • vista

    (n.) beautiful view or prospect

  • volatile

    (adj.) unstable; easily changes or evaporates

  • voluntary

    (adj.) done by choice; optional

  • vowel

    (n.) speech sound produced with open vocal tract

  • vulnerable

    (adj.) susceptible to harm or attack

  • walkout

    (n.) protest by leaving a place

  • walnut

    (n.) edible nut with hard shell

  • wary

    (adj.) cautious or suspicious

  • waterproof

    (adj.) impervious to water

  • weary

    (adj.) feeling tired or exhausted

  • weed

    (n.) unwanted plant or invasive species

  • weld

    (v.) join with intense heat or pressure

  • whim

    (n.) sudden wish or fanciful idea

  • wholesaler

    (n.) buys and sells large quantities

  • willow

    (n.) tree with flexible branches

  • withdraw

    (v.) remove or retreat from something

  • withdrawal

    (n.) act of taking back or leaving

  • wither

    (v.) shrivel or lose freshness

  • withstand

    (v.) resist or endure successfully

  • witness

    (n.) person who observes an event

  • workload

    (n.) amount of work to be done

  • wrestling

    (n.) sport of grappling and throwing

  • wring

    (v.) twist or squeeze forcefully

  • wristwatch

    (n.) timepiece worn on the wrist

  • yardstick

    (n.) measuring stick to measure length

  • yarn

    (n.) thread used in knitting or weaving

  • zigzag

    (adj.) sharp turns in a zigzag pattern